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Immunology/Allergy > Lab Assessment of Immune Function > Flashcards

Lab Assessment of Immune Function Flashcards

1
Q

IFN function

A

glycoprotein that activates Mf

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2
Q

Lysosomes function

A

attacks bacterial cell walls

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3
Q

Complement function

A

multiple proteins that undergo a cascade of events that end in cell lysis, opsinization, and inflamm.

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4
Q

How is the classical complement pathway activated?

A

when IgM or IgG abys bind Ag

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5
Q

How is the lectin complement pathway activated?

A

Mannose binding protein binds to Ag

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6
Q

How is the alternative complement pathway activated?

A

does not require the presence of abys or lectines, binds to cell surface, continuously activated at low levels

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7
Q

what does OIL stand for?

A

The ways in which complement induces cell destruction.

O- opsonization: flags it for Mf so it can be easily seen. “yummy”

I- inflamm: release histamine inc erase blood vessel permeability and attracts phagocytes

Lysis: breakdown destruction of cell membranes, bores holes cause cell leakage

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8
Q

Major goal of complement?

A

deposit C3 fragment on target.

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9
Q

MAC is made up of which complement proteins?

A

C3a, C4a, C5

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10
Q

Why do we measure complement?

A
  • recurrent infection w/ normal WBC & no immunosuppression
  • to diagnose Auto-antibody-mediated immune syndromes
  • to diagnose immune-complex-mediated syndromes (lupus, glomerulonephritis)
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11
Q

What is glomerularnephritis?

would your complement levels be high or low? why?

A

Ag-aby complexes clump up in the nephrons and shred blood cells—brown urine

low levels because your complement is continually being consumed.

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12
Q

Screening test for classical and alternative pathway?

A

classical-CH50

alternative- AH50

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13
Q

If you are having recurrent upper respiratory infections which Ig might you be deficient of?

A

IgA

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14
Q

Difference between CBC w/ DIff and CBC w/ peripheral smear

A

CBC w/ diff is just the number of counts of each white cell present

Smear- when pathologist looks at the cells instead of a machine

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15
Q

When do you order a CBC w/ peripheral smear?

A

When CBC w/ Diff are abnormal

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16
Q

Macrocytic vs Microcytic Anermia caused by?

A

Micro- Iron deficiency

Macro- Folate and B12 deficiency

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17
Q

Neutrophils/Bands

A

AKA: PMNS

first to arrive

50-60% of total blood cells

arrives within 90mins

phagocytic cell

total neutrophil count will increase during acute inflamm response

Other sources of increased neutrophils:

  • stress
  • exercise
  • steroids (prednisolone)

Bands are horse-shoe shaped less mature neutrophils– if you see these you know infection is really bad

18
Q

What is a “shift to the left”

A

bad infection, recruiting (increased) baby neutrophils to help fight infection

-seen in acute appendicitis or cholecystitis

19
Q

Most infections stimulate neutrophil production, though some decrease their production, what are these?

What meds cause neutropenia?

A

neutropenia cause by hepatitis, influenza, rubella, rubeola, mumps

meds- TCA and some abx

20
Q

Increase in eosinophils d/t?

Decrease?

A

increase- allergy

decrease- corticosteroid drugs

21
Q

Basophils release what mediators during inflammation?

What are they called in tissues?

A

heparin, histamine, serotonin

mast cells

22
Q

What disease may cause increase in basophils?

Decrease?

A

increase-Hodkins lymphoma, leukemia

decrease- Coritcosteroid drugs, allergic rxns, acute infections

23
Q

Phagocytic Monocytes produce what antiviral substance?

A

IFN

*bodys 2nd line of defense

24
Q

What disease may cause monocystosis (increased monocytes)

A

TB, malaria, rocky mountain fever, spotted fever, monocyte leukemia, chronic ulcerative colitis

25
Q

Why might lymphocytes be beneficial or detrimental?

A

beneficial when they can remember ag and eat them up when they invade the body but the cells are not destroyed afterwards they still circulate throughout the body, ag in the lymphocyte can kind of hide out in the body for years

lymphocytosis- think viral infection

26
Q

What may cause an increase/decrease in lymphocytes ?

A

increase- viral infection and TB

decrease- corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, chemo

> 500cells= very high risk of infections

27
Q

Normal range WBC count

A

4,500-11,000 cells/cm2

Differential: 45-75% neutrophils
20-45% lymphocytes

28
Q

What is the cause of an increased number of….

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes

A

N- bacterial infection, steroids

E-parasites and allergy

B- allergy

L-viral infection and malignancy

29
Q

Review Case Study

A

slide 37-39

30
Q

What cell count constitutes neutropenia?

Causes?

A
31
Q

What cell count constitutes lymphocytopenia?

Causes?

A

Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC)

32
Q

Polyclonal definition

A

multiple plasma cells produce hetergeneous abys

33
Q

Monoclonal Definition

A

plasma cells derived from a single Ag stimulated Bcell, produce homogenous abys

34
Q

serodiagnostic testing:
Direct immunoassays detect _______.

uses in real life

A

the presence of Ags.

  • rapid strep test
  • pregnancy tests
35
Q

serodiagnostic testing:
ELISA detect _______.

uses in real life

A

detects aby and/or ag in sample

-HIV

36
Q

serodiagnostic testing:
Indirect immunoassays detect _______.

uses in real life

A

if pt abys are present with the Ag provided

  • HIV
  • Mono
  • Hep A, B, C
37
Q

Agglutination

A

interaction of Ag with aby leads to agglutination.

Disease may be diagnosed this way.

38
Q

DIrect Agglutination

A

test patient serum against large cellular ag to screen for abys

39
Q

Indirect Agglutination

A

two forms of indirect agglutination:

1.) Insert latex bead w/ Ags attached to see if serum contains abys that will cause aggultination of latex beads

2.) Insert latex beed w/ Abys attached to see if serum contains Ags that will cause agglutination of latex beads
.

40
Q

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) diagnosis what disease?

A

multiple myeloma and hypogammaglobulinemia

41
Q

Types of Skin testing

A

Cutaneous Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

Qualitative functional Assay (ID injection of ag)- check in 24-48hrs

42
Q

Anergy

A

lack of skin reactivity»>depressed Cell mediated immunity

Immunology/Allergy (8 decks)

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