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NUR516 > Vaccinations/ Immunizations > Flashcards

Vaccinations/ Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

DTaP vaccine is administered to what age group

A

Young children

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2
Q

Explain the dosing series fro DTaP in young children

A

5 dose series by age of 6 yrs
A dose @ 2, 4, & 6 mos
A dose at 15 through 18 mos
A dose at 4 through 6 yrs

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3
Q

Tdap vaccine is given to what age groups?

A

Preteens → 11 through 12
Pregnant women → 27-36th week of each pregnancy
Adults → anytime to those who haven’t received

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4
Q

What age groups does H. influenzae type b (hib) generally affect?

A

Occurs mostly in babies & children < 5 yrs
OR
Adults 65 yrs or older

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5
Q

H. influenzae type b can affect people with certain medical conditions including:

A

Sickle cell disease
Asplenia
HIV infection
Ab & complement deficiency syndromes
Pts undergoing cancer Tx

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6
Q

Is H. influenzae type b (hib) vaccine the same as the annual flu shot?

A

no

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7
Q

H. Influenzae type b (hib) can cause what 2 infections in infants & young children?

A

Meningitis &/ or penumonia

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8
Q

Hib vaccination schedule for infants & children:

A

2, 4, 6 mos & 12 through 15 mos

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9
Q

Hib vaccination schedule for adults:

A

1 to 3 doses depending on indication

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10
Q

How is Hepatitis A typically contracted

A

Fecal-oral route → contaminated drinking water/ milk or shellfish in contaminated water

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11
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A

A

14-28 days → hard to determine when exposed

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12
Q

Hepatitis A can lead to ____ liver & ____

A

Fulminant liver & death

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13
Q

Who is hepatitis A vaccine recommended for?

A

International travelers to regions with poor sanitation / high incidence of Hep A
Children @ 12 & 18 mos

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14
Q

Hepatitis A is a ____ dose series

A

2 dose series

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15
Q

If Hepatitis B is not treated it can lead to

A

Cirrhosis
Liver cancer
Liver failure

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16
Q

Who is at increased risk for contracting Hepatitis B

A

IV drug users
Multiple sexual partners
Homosexual males
HC workers → needlesticks/ taking care of those with Hep B

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17
Q

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule for infants & children

A

3 dose series
0, 1-2 mos, 6-18 mos

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18
Q

When is administration of a 4 dose Hep B vaccine permitted?

A

When a combo vaccine containing Hep B is used after the birth dose

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19
Q

What is the minimum age for the final (3rd or 4th) dose of Hep B vaccine?

A

24 mos

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20
Q

What do Hepatitis B titers determine?

A

Whether there are memory or no memory cells → if a pt still has immunity

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21
Q

Why is HPV vaccine administered?

A

To prevent certain types of cancers (cervical) & infections

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22
Q

How many strains of HPV can cause cancer?

A

13

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23
Q

What is the vaccine schedule for HPV vaccine?

A

2-3 dose series
Starts at age 11-12 for both girls & boys

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24
Q

What is the earliest age HPV vaccine can be given & why?

A

As early as 9 yrs because of sexual abuse

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25
Q

By what age should HPV vaccines be completed?

A

Before age 15

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26
Q

HPV vaccine is NOT recommended after what age?

A

26

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27
Q

What are the three FDA approved HPV vaccines?

A

Gardasil
Cervarix
Gardasil 9

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28
Q

Gardasil 9

A

Only used in the US
Protects against 9/13 strains
now can be used for both boys & girls

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29
Q

What patients should not receive HPV vaccine?

A

HPV should NOT be given during pregnancy

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30
Q

Annual influenza vaccine helps protects against?

A

Influenza types A, B, & C

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31
Q

Influenza

A

Highly contagious; spread through respiratory droplets

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32
Q

Influenza vaccine schedule

A

Recommended for all ages (6 mos or >) annually

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33
Q

Influenza vaccines may be ____ or ___-____

A

inactivated or live-attenuated
experts predict what the predominant strain might be for the next year

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34
Q

Influenza vaccine should be used with caution in those with…

A

egg allergies

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35
Q

Influenza vaccine can take ~ 2 weeks for ____ ____ to kick in

A

Immune system → meaning you could get the flu within that time

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36
Q

Getting the flu vaccine decreases risk of …

A

heart attack by 30%

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37
Q

Influenza is related to ____

A

Inflammation

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38
Q

Rubella

A

German measles
Milder version of regular measles
-rash fades faster

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39
Q

Mumps

A

Contagious viral infection that causes painful swelling in salivary glands in cheek & jaw

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40
Q

Measles

A

Highly contagious viral infection that causes rash, fever, runny nose, cough, & red eyes

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41
Q

How is MMR spread?

A

respiratory droplets or sharing food/ drinks with infected person

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42
Q

What are two vaccines required for children to go to school?

A

MMR
DTaP

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43
Q

MMR vaccine schedule for children

A

1st dose → 12-15 mos
2nd dose → 4 thru 6 yrs

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44
Q

What is another vaccines associated with MMR that children can get?

A

MMRV → protects against measles, mumps, rubella, & varicella

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45
Q

MMRV vaccine is licensed for use in what age groups?

A

Children who are 12 mos through 12 yrs of age

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46
Q

Who else should be up to date on their MMR vaccines?

A

Teens & adults

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47
Q

What has been a controversial finding associated with MMR vaccine?

A

That MMR is linked to autism → NO evidence that supports this

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48
Q

Meningitis B

A

Disease caused by the bacteria → neisseria meningitidis

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49
Q

What can meningitis B lead to?

A

Meningitis → infection of meninges of the brain & spinal cord & infection of the blood

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50
Q

How is meningitis B spread?

A

Respiratory droplets → infected person coughs or sneezes
Lives on things touched by infected person
Through kissing, or sharing drink/ food w/ infected person

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51
Q

Meningitis B vaccine is used to prevent infection caused by

A

Serogroup B meningococcal bacteria

52
Q

Leading risk of meningitis B in what age group?

A

Young adult teens

53
Q

What is the likelihood of dying from bacterial meningitis

A

High likelihood

54
Q

Meningitis B vaccine schedule

A

May be given at 10 → w/ booster at 16 yrs old
Recommended for 19-23 yrs → 2-3 dose series
Adults at increased risk for meningococcal disease

55
Q

Meningitis B 2-3 dose series is dependent on what two things

A

vaccine & indication

56
Q

What serogroups cause most meningococcal diseases

A

Serogroups A, C, W, & Y

57
Q

What vaccine protects against meningococcal A, C, W, Y strains of bacteria?

A

Meningococcal (MCV04-ACYW)

58
Q

Meningococcal (MCV04-ACYW) vaccine schedule

A

Two dose series for adolescents 11 through 18
1st dose → 11/ 12 yrs w/ booster dose at 16

59
Q

Meningococcal vaccine is recommended for anyone with

A

Complement component deficiency
Taking complement inhibitor med
Have a damaged spleen or had a splenectomy
Have HIV
traveling to or residing in countries where disease is common
Part of population at increased risk for outbreak

60
Q

Complement component deficiency

A

Rare immune disorder

61
Q

List 2 examples of complement inhibitor medications

A

Soliris or ultomiris

62
Q

Who are considered populations at risk for meningococcal outbreaks?

A

College freshman living in dorms
Military recruits

63
Q

What was the most feared childhood communicable disease during the 1950s?

A

Polio (poliomyelitis)

64
Q

Polio could lead to ____

65
Q

What was used for people Dx with polio who had trouble breathing from being paralyzed?

66
Q

When was polio eliminated from the US?

67
Q

What is the 3rd vaccination needed for children to go to school in PA?

A

Polio vaccine

68
Q

Polio vaccine schedule for children

A

Starting at 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 through 18 mos, & 4-6 yrs

69
Q

A polio lifetime booster dose can be administered to?

A

Adults at increased risk of exposure to poliovirus & who have previously completed the vaccine series

70
Q

What form of vaccine is polio?

A

Inactivated form

71
Q

Polio (poliomyelitis):

____ vaccine dosing is no longer available in the US

72
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate (Prevnar-13 or PCV13)

A

Protects against 13 types of penumococcal bacteria & ear infections

73
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate is recommended for

A

All children < 2 yrs
People 2 yrs or > with certain medical conditions
Adults 65 yrs or > can get PCV13

74
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule children (4 dose series)

A

2, 4, 6, & 12 through 15 mos

75
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule children (single dose)

A

6-17 years

76
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults

A

If needed they only get a single dose

77
Q

Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV-23 or pneumovax 13) recommended for

A

All adults 65 yrs or >
People 2-64 yrs with certain medical conditions
Adults 19-64 yrs who smoke cigarettes

78
Q

Why should ALL adults 65 yrs or > get the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine?

A

Pneumonia is more prevalent in older population

79
Q

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine schedule

A

ALL adults → 1-2 doses, depending on indications
Adults 65 yrs or > get 1 dose

80
Q

Rotavirus

A

Contagious viral illness causing severe, watery diarrhea

81
Q

What illness is the leading cause of childhood death worldwide?

82
Q

Rotavirus Vaccine schedule

A

Two or three dose series beginning at 2 mos

83
Q

RotaTeq vaccine

A

Given in 3 doses → 2, 4, & 6 mos

84
Q

Rotarix

A

Given in 2 doses → 2 & 4 mos

85
Q

When should the first dose of either Rotavirus vaccine be given?

A

Before 15 weeks of age

86
Q

By what age should children have received all doses of rotavirus vaccine?

A

Before they turn 8 mos old

87
Q

What route is the Rotavirus vaccine administered?

88
Q

What form of vaccine is the Rotavirus vaccine?

A

Live-attenuated → will NOT cause disease

89
Q

Varicella

A

AKA: chicken pox
Highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

90
Q

What helps chicken pox to spread?

A

Purulent pus

91
Q

When is the only time chicken pox are not contagious?

A

When they scab over → takes a while

92
Q

Varicella vaccine schedule

A

Two dose series
1st dose → 12-15 mos
2nd dose → 4-6 yrs

93
Q

Varicella vaccine schedule for adolescents & adults (w/o evidence of immunity)

A

Receive 2 dose series 4-8 weeks apart

94
Q

What vaccine form is varicella vaccine?

A

Live-attenuated → will NOT get disease

95
Q

Varicella can be given with what other vaccine?

A

MMR → known as MMRV

96
Q

What is the 4th vaccine children need to attend school?

A

Varicella vaccine

97
Q

Varicella-zoster virus

A

AKA: Shingles
Painful rash that occurs in people who HAVE had chicken pox

98
Q

Varicella-zoster virus lies dormant where?

A

Just outside the spinal cord → may never affect you

99
Q

Varicella-zoster virus is ____ of the virus

A

Reactivation

100
Q

Varicella-zoster virus follows ___ ____

A

Nerve endings → get it on the face or trunk

101
Q

What type of pain does Varicella-zoster virus cause?

A

Hot, burning, neuropathic type pain

102
Q

Transmission of Varicella-Zoster virus

A

Airborne droplets or direct contact with open blisters

103
Q

Varicella-zoster vaccine schedule

A

Shingrix → vaccine
2 dose series → 2-6 mos apart for adults > 50 yrs

104
Q

Varicella-zoster virus has an _____ response

A

Inflammatory response
affects blood vessels & can cause cardiac problems

105
Q

Live-attenuated vaccines

A

Microorganism in vaccine is alive but has been weakned (attenuated)

106
Q

Explain the immune response of Live-attenuated vaccines

A

Virtually identical to that produced by the infection

107
Q

How many doses do most live vaccines require?

108
Q

Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided in what types of patients?

A

Those with immunodeficiency

109
Q

List examples of Live-attenuated vaccines

A

MMR
Varicella
Typhoid
Cholera
BCG → To prevent Tb

110
Q

What live-attenuated vaccines are given if traveling to a country with high incidence of disease?

A

Dengue
Yellow fever
Smallpox
Ebola
Adenovirus

111
Q

Non-live vaccines

A

Inactivating microbe or vaccine produced through genetic technology

112
Q

Non live vaccines can be composed of ____ or ____ of the organism

A

whole or part

113
Q

Non live vaccines can be either ____ based or ____ based

A

protein based or polysaccharide based

114
Q

Given an example of a protein based non live vaccine

115
Q

Which vaccine requires multiple doses to achieve an immune response

A

Non-live vaccines

116
Q

Non live vaccines may also require a supplemental _____ dose

117
Q

List examples of non live vaccines

A

Polio
Hepatitis A
Some influenza vaccines
Pertussis
H. influenzae type B
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal
Rabies
Anthrax
Japanese encephalitis

118
Q

Adverse effects of vaccines can be associated with ____ or ____ responses

A

Immune or inflammatory responses

119
Q

Vaccines adverse effects:

Localized

A

up to 80%
Pain; swelling; redness at injection site
Typically mild Sx

120
Q

Vaccines adverse effects:

Systemic

A

fever; malaise; muscle pain; H/A
Ex. fevers from COVID vaccine

121
Q

What is a rare adverse effect of vaccines?

A

Severe hypersensitivity

122
Q

If someone has an adverse reaction to a vaccine who can call to report it?

A

ANYONE
Ex. patient, nurse, HC provider, etc

123
Q

Contraindications of vaccines

A

Presence of immune deficiency
Pregnancy
Known allergy to any vaccine components
Pt receiving immunoglobulin
Pts who received blood or blood products within last 3 mos
Acute infection

124
Q

Vaccines should not be given with what 2 medications?

A

Immunosuppressants
Corticosteroids

125
Q

Caution to giving vaccines in

A

Children with Hx of febrile convulsions or cerebral injury
Any condition in which potential fever could be contagious

126
Q

Vaccine patient education

A

ALL should be given VIS
(vaccine information sheet)

NUR516 (30 decks)

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