Antibiotics (Info before drugs) Flashcards
What are antibiotics?
Drugs that inhibit the growth of a specific bacteria or cause the death of the susceptible bacteria
Invading bacteria cause…
activation of the inflammatory response
What is the goal of Abx therapy?
Decrease the population of invading bacteria to a point where the inflammatory response & immune system can effectively deal with the invader
Culture & sensitivity testing
Gram positive
Gram negative
Aerobic bacteria
needs oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria
Does not need oxygen to survive
Uses of combination therapy
Synergistic effects
In seriously ill patients
Mixed infections
Decrease drug resistance
Children are sensitive to ___ & ____ effects of most Abx
GI & CNS effects
What age group may have more severe reactions to Abx?
Children
What should be monitored in children taking Abx?
Hydration → become dehydrated very fast
Nutritional status → may have decreased appetite
What two types of Abx should be used with caution in children?
Fluoroquinolones & Tetracyclines
What age group has the belief that Abx are the “cure-all”
Adults
What shoulda adults taking Abx be reminded of?
To take the full course
Pregnant & breastfeeding women should NOT take Abx unless
benefits outweigh the risks
Abx can also interfere with ____ ____
oral contraceptives
What S&S of infection could be seen in older adults?
Confusion & maybe tachycardia
Don’t always see fever → lower baseline
What age group is more susceptible to adverse effects?
older adults
What should be monitored in older adults taking Abx?
Hydration & nutritional status
What is the 6th leading cause of death in the US
Pneumonia
Pneumonia has a high ____ & ____ rate
morbidity & mortality rate
Risk factors of pneumonia
Older adults
Immunocompromised
COPD
ETOH
LOC
Swallowing disorders
Intubation
Smoking
Malnutrition
Immbolization
Cardiac disease
What are the different types of pneumonia
Bacterial, viral, fungal, & chemical
Viral pneumonia can lead to
Bacterial pneumonia
Clinical manifestations of Pneumonia
May be sudden onset of Sx
Coughing could produce watery sputum
Decreased breath sounds/ air movement & fine crackles
SOB
Increased HR
Fever, chills, fatigue
Neuro changes in older adults
Pleuritic pain; Abd/ back pain
As a person with pneumonia becomes sicker what happened to sputum & pleuritic pain?
Sputum thickens & can be bloody or rust colored
Pleuritic pain increases w/ breathing
Diagnosis of pneumonia
H&P
Chest x-ray
CBC with differential
Metabolic profile (BMP/CMP)
Flu swab, if flu season
Blood cultures
Sputum cultures if needed
Treatment of pneumonia
Prevent aspiration
Abx therapy
Immunizations → Prevnar 12 or Pneumovax (PSV-23)
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
being sick in community or within 48 hrs of being admitted to the hospital
Most common cause of CAP is
Streptococcus pneumonia (Bacterial)
Viral infections account for how many cases of CAP?
1/3
Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Occurring after 48 hrs of admission
Most common bacterias causing HAP
Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella
E. coli
Is HAP bacterias that cause pneumonia worse or better than strep pnuemoniae?
A lot worse
HAP can lead to ____
MRSA
Very specific protocols are in place to prevent what type of pneumonia in hospitals?
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
