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Biology GCSE > Manmade Disease Defenses > Flashcards

Manmade Disease Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

What happens 1-15 days from exposure to pathogen/antigen?

A

Immune system has created antibodies slowly, but not that many

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2
Q

What happens 30+ days from exposure to pathogen/antigen?

A

Immune system has destroyed all pathogens and created memory cells

Memory cells are WBCs that remember the pathogen and how to make the correct antibody

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3
Q

What happens on the second exposure to pathogen/antigen?

A
  • quicker and larger production of antibodies
  • probably wouldn’t experience any symptoms
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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

When memory cells can remember a pathogen and make correct antibodies

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5
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Injecting dead or inactivated pathogens to stimulate an immune response and create memory cells

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6
Q

What is variolation?

A

The process of using scab tissue from someone previously infected with a pathogen to prevent people from developing the disease

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7
Q

How did Edward Jenner create the first vaccine?

A
  • used cowpox, a similar virus with same antigens as smallpox to create memory cells which could give immunity to smallpox
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8
Q

Why was Jenner’s vaccine unpopular?

A
  • he had unethical methodology
  • previous ‘vaacines’were dangerous
  • people didn’t want to be injected with cowpox
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9
Q

What are some issues with vaccines?

A
  • pathogen could mutate, rendering vaccine useless
  • not everyone wants to be vaccinated
  • possible side effects from immune response such as
    • fever and chills
    • tiredness
    • headache
    • muscle and joint aches
    • pain, swelling or redness where shot was given
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10
Q

What is herd immunity

A

Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on preexisting immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination

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11
Q

Benefits and problems of a global vaccination programme?

A

Benefits
- people are vaccinated
- protects workforce and economy
- provides jobs
- can completely wipe out pathogen

Problems
- global agreement is hard to achieve
- expensive
- slow
- inequality

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12
Q

Define drug

A

Any chemical that alters how your body works

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13
Q

What are medicines and how do they treat disease?

A
  • useful drugs
  • relieve symptoms or treat/care underlying illness, often by destroying pathogen
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14
Q

How do antibiotics prevent bacterial disease?

A
  • by interfering with pathogens metabolism, e.g prevent development of cell wall or block action or ribosomes

OR

  • by slowing bacterial growth long enough for immune system to get on top of them
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15
Q

What can antibiotics only damage

A

BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

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16
Q

What are some issues with antibiotics?

A
  • don’t work against other pathogens
  • specific to specific bacteria
  • can harm good bacteria too
17
Q

How were antibiotics discovered and by who?

A
  • Alexander Fleming
  • was investigating cures for Staphylococcus
  • went on holiday without fully cleaning lab
  • came back to find mould had contaminated petri dishes, and no bacteria was growing around the mould.
  • He concluded the mould must have a chemical that destroys the bacteria,
  • turns out it was a penicillin fungi, so he called the antibiotic ‘penicillin’
18
Q

How does antibiotic resistance come about?

A
  • bacteria divides by binary fission
  • random mutation produces antibiotic resistant bacteria
  • person takes antibiotics, and all die except resistant bacteria
  • bacteria divides and produces new group of antibiotics resistant bacteria
19
Q

How to reduce risk of development of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A
  • doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately, only for bacteria
  • patients must complete their course of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed, and none survive to mutate and form resistant strains
  • agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted
20
Q

Where is the heart drug digitalis from?

A

Foxgloves

21
Q

Where is penicillin from?

A

Penicillin mould

22
Q

Where is aspirin from?

A

Willow bark

23
Q

Where are opiates from?

A

Poppy seeds

24
Q

How do antiviral drugs treat viral infections?

A

They only slow down viral development

25
Q

Why is or difficult to make an antiviral drug?

A

They often damage body cells

26
Q

What must all drugs be before they can be prescribed and taken?

A
  • effective
  • have a clear dosage
  • safe
  • stable (stay good over a long period of time)
27
Q

What are the 2 main parts of preclinical testing?

A
  • laboratory testing
  • animal testing
28
Q

What occurs in labatory testing

A
  • computer modelling and human skin cells from stem cells
  • tests for effectiveness and side effects
29
Q

What occurs in animal testing?

A
  • tests done on many animals, but mainly ones that show some relatedness to humans
  • continues to test for effectiveness and side effects
30
Q

What occurs in the first stage of clinical testing (phase 1)

A
  • drug is tested on healthy volunteers to ensure safety

(10-100 volunteers)

31
Q

What occurs in the second stage of clinical testing (phase 2)

A
  • Ill volunteers are given drug, to test for effectiveness
  • dose is developed here, starting with low dose and increasing until optimum safe dose found

(200-400 volunteers)

32
Q

What occurs in the third stage of clinical testing (phase 3)

A
  • a double blind trial occurs, using placebos
  • peer review takes place
  • 3000+ volunteers
33
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Many copies of the same antibody produced in a lab

34
Q

Why do we need MABs?

A

Lymphocytes can’t divide after they start producing proteins

35
Q

What are fused lymphocyte-tumor cells called?

A

Hydridomias

36
Q

What is the process of making MABs?

A
  • mouse injected with specific antigen, stimulating lymphocytes to produce specific antibody
  • lymphocytes extracted and combined with a particular kind of tumor cell using detergents to break down cell membranes allowing them to fuse,
  • a hybridomia is formed which can divide and produce antibodies
  • hybridomias are screened to check for antibody production, single hybridomia cells cloned to produce many cells that produce same antibody. These are MABs
  • large amount of MABs collected and purified
37
Q

Uses of MABs?

A
  • diagnosis eg. Pregnancy test
  • in labs to measure hormone and chemical levels, to detect pathogens
  • in research to locate/identify specific molecule in cell/tissue by binding to them with fluorescent dye
  • to treat some disease eg. cancer by binding to cancer treatment drugs, delivers it to cancer cells without harming other body cells

Biology GCSE (13 decks)

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