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Biology GCSE > Cell Specialisation > Flashcards

Cell Specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

What Is differentiation?

A

When cells gain certain features needed for their purpose

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2
Q

What are the features of a xylem cell?

A
  • no contents, just a column of water
  • line up in tubes to make xylem vessels
  • cells are dead
  • used to transport water and mineral ions
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3
Q

What are the features of a phloem cell?

A
  • very few organelles
  • joined end to end to make a tube
  • contain perforated sieve plates
  • transport dissolved sugars and amino acids
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4
Q

What are the features of a cone cell?

A
  • contains visual pigment to allow colour vision
  • usually links to a nerve cell so we can respond to visual stimuli
  • contains lots of mitochondria to release energy
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5
Q

What are the features of a cone cell?

A
  • contains visual pigment to allow colour vision
  • usually links to a nerve cell so we can respond to visual stimuli
  • contains lots of mitochondria to release energy
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6
Q

What are the features of an egg cell (ovum)?

A
  • contains nucleus with half number of chromosomes, so when fused with sperm there is full amount
  • cell membrane changes after fertilisation so only one cell can enter
  • cytoplasm contains lots of nutrients for growth of early embryo
  • is a gamete used in sexual reproduction that passes on mother’s genes
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7
Q

What are the features of a sperm cell?

A
  • nucleus in the head has half number of chromosomes so when fused with ovum there is full amount
  • acrosome in the head has digestive enzymes to break down outer layer of ovum
  • mitochondria releases energy for flagellum to rotate for movement
  • is a gamete used in sexual reproduction that passes on Father’s genes
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8
Q

What are the features of a root hair cell?

A
  • has a projection to Inc. SA to Inc. Water uptake rate
  • thinner walls let water move through easily
  • lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport of mineral ions
  • no chloroplasts
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9
Q

What are the features of a fat cell?

A
  • contains a fat store which can be broken down to release energy
  • can increase size to store more fat when needed
  • small cytoplasm so more space for fat storage
  • acts as energy store
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10
Q

What are the features of a ciliated epithelial cell?

A
  • pathogen trapping mucus is made by goblet cells
  • contain cilia that waft mucus
  • many mitochondria for energy for wafting
  • line airways to protect from pathogens
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11
Q

What are the features of an RBC?

A
  • no nucleus so more space for oxygen
  • large SA to maximising oxygen intake
  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around body
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12
Q

What are the features of a muscle cell?

A
  • contains filaments that can contract
  • many mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
  • cells are elongated and fuse together to allow contraction over a longer area
  • contraction for movement
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13
Q

What are the features of a guard cell?

A
  • banana shaped, found in pairs
  • change shape to open stomata to allow gas exchange in the leaves
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14
Q

What are the features of a palisade cell?

A
  • regular box like shape to pack tightly together to maximise photosynthesis
  • many chloroplasts
  • most chloroplasts at top of cell where there is more light
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15
Q

What are the features of a nerve cell?

A
  • long and thin to carry electrical impulses long distances around the body
  • long bit called axon
  • mtiple points of connection at each end
  • lots of mitochondria for energy
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16
Q

Qhat are stem cells?

A

An undifferentiated cell capable of slef renewal via mitosis to produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialised cells

17
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found and what can the differentiate into?

A
  • found in 3-5 day old embryo
  • can differentiate into any specialised cell
18
Q

Where are adult stem cells found and what can the differentiate into?

A

Found in many places in adults, but mainly bone marrow

Can only specialise into the type of tissue from where they’re found.

19
Q

Where are umbilical cord stem cells found and what can the differentiate into?

A

Found in umbilical cord

Can differentiate into blood cells, can treat blood disorders of the child it was attached to

20
Q

How does therapeutic stem cell cloning work?

A
  • nucleus is removed from egg cell
  • nucleus from patients body cell is removed and fused with egg cell
  • very small electric shock causes division
  • After 3-5 days you can extract stem cells
21
Q

Why are some people against using embryonic and therapeutic stem cells?

A

They consider it unethical
It is also very expensive

22
Q

Where are plant stem cells found?

A

Tips of roots and shoots in a layer called the meristem
These can differentiate into any plant cell

Biology GCSE (13 decks)

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