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Biology GCSE > Cardiovascular System And Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

To pump oxygenated blood around the body to allow for aerobic respiration?

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2
Q

What is the heart made of and why is it useful for the heart?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Can contract continuously without tiring
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3
Q

How is nutrients supplied to the heart?

A

Via coronary arteries

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4
Q

Label the heart

A

Um idk look in your notebook page 3 of year 10 bio

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5
Q

What is the acronym for the route blood takes through the heart?

A

Vava Vava

Vena Cava
Atrium (right)
Ventricle (right)
Artery (Pulmonary)

-Oxygenated in lungs-

Vein (pulmonary)
Atrium (left)
Ventricle (left)
Aorta

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6
Q

Why is left ventricle muscles thicker than right?

A

Needs to push blood all around the body rather than just to the lungs, so stronger and bigger muscle

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7
Q

Why do we need valves?

A

To prevent backflow, maximising amount of oxygenated blood reaching tissues

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8
Q

How does a double circulatory system work?

A
  • pulmonary circuit pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated back to heart
  • systemic pumps oxygenated around the body and back to heart
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9
Q

Advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Allows for higher pressure in systemic circuit, increasing rate of 0² delivery

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10
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The fluid in your blood
-Makes up ~55% of blood volume
-Transports hormones, nutrients, antibodies, C0² and other waste around body
-Distributes heat

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11
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments (not whole cells)
- essential for blood clotting
- produce enzymes for blood clotting

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12
Q

What are RBCs (Red blood cells)?

A

Oxygen carrying cells in blood
- small and flexible with no nucleus
- contain haemoglobin to bind to O²
- biconcave shape for large SA for gases to diffuse

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13
Q

What are WBCs (White blood cells)?

A

Large cells that defend against pathogens
- large nucleus
- lots of mitochondria

  • Lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralise pathogens
  • Phagocytes ingest and destroy invading microorganisms
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14
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

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15
Q

How is O² carried in our blood?

A
  • binds to the red pigment haemoglobin in RBCs
  • is a weak and reversible binding to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • Oxygen + haemoglobin <=> oxyhaemoglobin
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16
Q

How is CO² carried in our blood?

A
  • dissolves into plasma to form carbonic acid
  • a small amount of CO² can also bind to haemoglobin
17
Q

Features of arteries and their purpose?

A
  • small lumen to maintain high pressure
  • thick muscle walls containing elastic fibres
  • carry blood away from heart to organs
  • when blood passes through, they can stretch and then return to original shape
18
Q

Features of veins and their purpose?

A
  • large lumen
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • have valves to prevent backflow
  • carry blood away from organs towards heart
19
Q

Features of capillaries and their purpose?

A
  • narrow
  • very thin 1 cell thick walls to let substances easily diffuse between blood and cells and vice versa
  • form a huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins
20
Q

Define cardiovascular disease

A

Any disease in heart or cardiovascular system

21
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries become narrowed by fatty deposits building up.
Can stop blood from flowing to heart, potentially causing a heart attack

22
Q

What is HDL?

A

High density lipoprotein

Has a positive effect, taking excess cholesterol to liver to be disposed of

23
Q

What is LDL?

A

Low density lipoprotein

Levels are raised by consuming too much saturated fats
Increases risk of heart disease and stroke

24
Q

What are risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A
  • diet high in saturated fats
  • lack of exercise
  • obesity
  • stress
  • alcohol
  • nicotine
  • genetics
25
Q

What are symptoms of coronary heart disease?

A
  • fatigue
  • breathlessness/Inc. breathing rate
  • muscle weakness
  • high blood pressure (Inc. risk of fainting)
  • Inc. heart rate
  • heart attack
  • stroke
26
Q

How does a stent treat coronary heart disease?

A

Stent is a metal grid that is placed in an artery. A catheter with a balloon is inserted into the vessel.
When narrow section of artery is found, balloon is inflated, stent expands and keeps artery open, allowing blood and O² to flow freely around body

27
Q

What are the benefits of a stent?

A
  • lowers risk of heart attack
  • works for a long period of time
  • recovery time is quite short
28
Q

What are the drawbacks of a stent?

A
  • risk of a blood clot near stent
  • risk of complications during surgery
  • risk of infection
29
Q

How do statins treat coronary heart disease?

A

They are a drug taken every day
- reduce LDL and promote production of HDL

30
Q

What are the drawbacks of statins?

A
  • can cause headaches, dizziness and nausea
  • can cause kidney and liver damage if taken over a long period of time
31
Q

How does an artificial heart treat coronary heart disease

A

It doesn’t!!
It’s a mechanical device that replaces the function of the heart, but is only temporary until a donor heart is found

32
Q

What are the positives and negatives of an artificial heart?

A

Positives
- lower chance of rejection than donor heart

Negatives
- surgery can lead to bleeding out and infection
- doesn’t work as well as healthy heart
- risk of blood clots and strokes
- you must take blood thinning drugs

33
Q

How does a heart transplant work?

A

If heart is severely damaged, it is necessary to save life.
- It is essential to find a don’t that matches the patient to prevent rejection
- Patient must take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection, but this increases risk of infection

34
Q

Where are pacemaker cells and what do they do?

A
  • located in right atrium
  • control heartbeat
35
Q

Where do pacemakers go and how do they work

A
  • sit under skin on chest
  • replace role of pacemaker cells by firing electrical impulses into right atrium
36
Q

What is tachychardia?

A

Heart beating to fast without reason

37
Q

What is bradychardia?

A

Heart beating too slow without reason

38
Q

What do you do if your valves get a hole 😨

A

Get a biological valve transplant from a human or pig heart or get a mechanical man made one

Biology GCSE (13 decks)

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