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Biology GCSE > Health > Flashcards

Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define health

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

Define diseases

A

Disorders that affect part or all of an organism

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed from person to person

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4
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be passed from person to person

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5
Q

Define correlation

A

A pattern that occurs that COULD indicate a relationship between two things, but is not always actually a relationship

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6
Q

Define risk factor

A

Anything that increased the liklihood of developing a disease or injury

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7
Q

What are the 3 harmful chemicals in smoking?

A

Carbon monoxide
Tar
Nicotine

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8
Q

What is Carbon monoxide (CO) and its effects?

A
  • poisonous gas in tobacco smoke
  • reduces oxygen carrying capacity in blood by binding with haemoglobin
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9
Q

What is Tar and what are its effects?

A
  • sticky black substance that accumulates in lungs, reducing SA
  • can break down alveoli, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Is carcinogenic
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10
Q

What is nicotine and what are its effects?

A
  • addictive substance in cigarettes
  • can cause side effects to stomach, heart and hormones
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11
Q

Define passive smoking

A

Someone who doesn’t smoke, but inhales chemicals from people smoking around them

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12
Q

Why might pregnant smokers face stillbirths?

A
  • a developing foetus relies on O² to grow
  • if mother is a smoker, it may bot get enough oxygen (because of CO)
  • may lead to low birth weight or stillbirth
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13
Q

What is alcohol and what are its effects?

A
  • (Is ethanol)
  • toxic
  • carcinogenic, can increase risk of liver cancer, which spreads rapidly and is hard to treat
  • can cause cirrhosis
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14
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

A disease caused by alcohol consumption that destroys liver tissue. Active liver cells are replaced with tough scar tissue, so liver is unable to carry out functions

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15
Q

What can heavy alcohol consumption do to the brain?

A
  • make parts soft 😨😨
  • these soft parts cannot function properly
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16
Q

What effects does alcohol have on pregnancy

A
  • alcohol absorbs across the placenta into the foetus
  • it’s developing liver can’t handle alcohol, so it develops foetal alcohol syndrome
17
Q

What are the effects of ionising radiation?

A
  • penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing DNA mutations
  • can lead to development of cancer
18
Q

What is cancer?

A

A tumor formed due to a breakdown in the cellular control mechanism that limits cell division

19
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of abnormal cells that divide continously

20
Q

When does DNA mutate?

A

During mitosis

21
Q

What are the 2 ways cells with damaged DNA are prevented from producing tumors?

A
  • being destroyed
  • DNA being repaired
22
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer?

A
  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • ionising radiation
  • chemical carcinogens
  • microbes
  • genetics
23
Q

What are the 2 types of tumor?

A

Benign
Malignant

24
Q

What are benign tumors?

A
  • Growths of abnormal cells contained in one area, usually with a membrane
  • Can grow very large but do NOT destroy surrounding tissue
  • Do NOT invade other parts of the body
25
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A
  • They destroy surrounding tissue
  • Cells can break away and spread via blood or the lymph into other sites where the form secondary tumors
26
Q

What is metastasis?

A

When malignant tumor cells migrate using blood vessels

27
Q

Why is cancer dangerous?

A
  • can interfere with activities of cells in surrounding tissues
  • benign tumors can compress tissues, preventing blood flow or nerve function
  • malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and kill normal cells
28
Q

How is cancer treated?

A

Chemotherapy
- chemicals that stop cancer cells dividing or cause them to self destruct

Radiotherapy
- cancer cells destroyed using targeted doses of radiation, stopping them from dividing

Some cancer are treated with both to maximise positive effects

Biology GCSE (13 decks)

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