Vaccinations

Question 1

what types of antibodies act against pathogens

Answer 1

IgG antibodies

Question 2

what is the purpose of vaccines

Answer 2

deliver some part or all of a disease organism that imitates the pathogen but is not pathogenic
induces protective immune response

Question 3

what diseases use live vaccinations

Answer 3

measles, mumps, rubella

Question 4

what diseases use inactivated vaccines

Answer 4

hepatitis A, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide

Question 5

what diseases use recombinant sub-unit vaccinations

Answer 5

Hepatitis B

Question 6

what diseases use toxoid vaccinations

Answer 6

tetanus, diptheria

Question 7

what diseases use conjugate polysaccharide-protein vaccinations

Answer 7

pneumonococcal, meningococcal, HiB

Question 8

what are live-attenuated vaccines

Answer 8

derived from disease causing virus or bacteria
they are weakened by repeated culturing under stress conditions
they must replicate in the vaccinated person
virus is purified and formulated

Question 9

what are the advantages of using live vaccines

Answer 9

cheap, adjuvants not necessary

Question 10

what are the disadvantages of using live vaccines

Answer 10

potential to cause pathology, stability

Question 11

what are inactivated vaccines

Answer 11

produced by growing bacteria or virus in culture media then inactivating it with heat/chemicals
inactivated vaccines are not alive and cannot replicate; the entire dose of antigen is administered in the injection
vaccines cannot cause disease from infection, even if pt is immunocompromised
first dose does not produce immunity but ‘primes’ the immune system; protective immunity developed after second dose

Question 12

what are some advantages of inactivated vaccines

Answer 12

generally safer, improved stability

Question 13

what are some disadvantages of using inactivated vaccines

Answer 13

can be costly, hypersensitivity

Question 14

what are recombinant sub-unit vaccines

Answer 14

comprised of one antigenic part of the pathogen
produced recombinantly (other microbes are programmed to produce the desired antigen component)
inactivated subunit vaccine is composed of longer chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria

Question 15

what are the antigen components used in recombinant sub-uni vaccines

Answer 15

proteins or surface polysaccharides

Question 16

what is the immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine (recombinant sub-unit)

Answer 16

typically T-cell independant, the vaccines are able to stimulate B-cells without assistance of T-helper cells
DNA vaccines are a type of recombinant vaccine

Question 17

what are toxoids

Answer 17

forms of chemically altered toxin that are no longer pathogenic

Question 18

how do toxoid injections work

Answer 18

antibodies produced in the body as a consequence of toxoid administration neutralise the toxic moeity produced during infection rather than act upon the organism itself
toxoids are highly efficacious and safe immunising agents

Question 19

what are conjugate polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 19

prepared from extracellular fractions (e.g. polysaccharide antigen of cell wall)
polysaccharides often chemically attached to a carrier protein (can be toxoids)
high efficacy and safety

Question 20

what is a monovalent vaccine

Answer 20

immunises against a single antigen or single pathogen

Question 21

what is a multivalent vaccine

Answer 21

immunises against two or more strains of the same microorganism or against two or more microorganisms

Question 22

what is the purpose of stress conditions in the live attenuated vaccine process

Answer 22

they pressure the virus to replicate differently; slower replication and loss of virulence factors

Question 23

what is the MMR vaccine

Answer 23

passage of live mumps and rubells viruses similar to measles

three separate attenuated viruses are combined in the formulation step

Question 24

how are inactivated vaccines formulated

Answer 24

whole oathogen is grown and killed (heat/chemical)

Question 25

how are recombinant sub-unit vaccines made

Answer 25

insert pathogenic gene into host-organism for production
express protective antigen in safe easy-to-grow organism (HepB and HPV in yeast)
purify the antigenic sub-unit and formulate

Question 26

what is the first stage of conjugate polysaccharide vaccination formulation

Answer 26

surface polysaccharides from pathogen grown and isolated

carrier protein grown separately and purified

Question 27

what is the second stage of conjugate polysaccharide vaccination formulation

Answer 27

toxins chemically removed from polysaccharide; carrier protein and polysaccharide covalently attached; ‘conjugate’ then purified and formulated

Question 28

what is the Hib vaccine

Answer 28

haemophilus influenzae type B
conjugated to tetanus toxoid as carrier protein
combined with other vaccines
hib vaccination given to children four times as a result of poor efficacy

Question 29

what is the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Answer 29

pneumonococcus serotypes conjugated to CRM197 as a carrier protein
vaccine contains 13 types of pneumococcus; mixture absorbed on aluminum phosphate and formulated

Question 30

what is in the formulation of vaccines

Answer 30

active components, adjuvants, antibiotics, stabalisers (MgSO4), preservatives, trace components from production process

Question 31

what are adjuvants

Answer 31

used in vaccines to keep antigens near site of injection so they can be easily accessed by immune cells
Al(OH)3
AlPO4

Question 32

what are advantages of adjuvants

Answer 32

enhance immune response, induce protective antibody responses with less antigen, induce broader immune response, overcome weakened immunity