Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection & Immunity > Common Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Common Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is an acute infection

A

when a microbe lives inside a host for a short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a chronic infection

A

dormant or persistent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a latent infection

A

lasts the lifetime of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

definition of opportunistic

A

pathogens that take advantage of weakened immune system or altered microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is primary infection

A

the first time a person is exposed to and infected by a pathogen - the body has no defence against the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is secondary infection

A

infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is septicaemia

A

bloodstream infection

when infection of another part of the body enters the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is toxaemia

A

blood poisoning from toxins from a local bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what virus causes URTIs

A

streptococcus pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the symptoms of URTIs

A

inflamed tonsils, difficulty swallowing, fever, headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the complications of URTIs

A

scarlet fever, tonsillar abcesses, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteraemia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, invasive infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what virus causes acute otitis media

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the symptoms of otitis media

A

pain in the ear, hearing loss, dizziness, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what bacteria causes conjunctivitis

A

staphylococcus, streptococcus, haemophilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the treatment for conjunctivitis

A

topical chloramphenicol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the symptoms of conjunctivitis

A

redness in the white of the eye, increased amount of tears, thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, green or white discharge from the eye, burning/itchy eyes, blurred vision, increased sensitivity to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the infectious causes of conjunctivitis

A

bacterial, viral, allergic, reactive, STI associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what STIs are associated with conjunctivitis

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes acute bronchitis (LRTI)

A

inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what virus causes LRTIs

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the symptoms of LRTIs

A

cough, shortness of breath, fever, chest pains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is one complication of LRTIs

A

secondary infection from streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

LRTI, inflammation of trachea and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what causes chronic bronchitis

A

smoking or other irritants, can be exacerbated by bacterial infection by streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

wat are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

persistent cough (>3 months), excessive mucous secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does COPD stand for

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is pneumonia

A

LRTI, infection of lungs and the inflammation of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what causes pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia

A

fever, cough (productive), shortness of breath, difficulty/pain on breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

LRTI, infection of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what causes tuberculosis

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the symptoms of tuberculosis

A

persistent productive cough (>3 weeks), blood in sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what tests help diagnose tuberculosis

A

chest x-ray, sputum smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what causes an ascending UTI

A

entry of e.coli through the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what causes a descending UTI

A

infection from blood, usually by staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what factors predispose to ascending UTIs

A

length of urethra, catheterisation, disruption of normal urine flow, age, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (lower urinary tract)

A

difficulty passing urine, can be asymptomatic in elderly or catheterised patients, urine may be cloudy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (upper urinary tract)

A

fewer UTI symptoms, fever, haematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what infectious agents cause STIs

A

bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia in women

A

discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia in men

A

discharge, inflammation of epididymis/prostate/urethra, infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the complications for an adult with chlamydia

A

sterility, kidney disease, trachoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the implications for a baby whose mother has chlamydia

A

premature birth, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal conjunctivitis, pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the method of diagnosis for chlamydia

A

urine sample or swab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A

discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in men

A

discharge, inflammation of epididymis,prostate/urethra, infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are complications of gonorrhoea for women

A

sterility, systemic infection

48
Q

what are implications for a baby whose mother has gonorrhoea

A

neonatal conjunctivitis leading to blindness

49
Q

how is gonorrhoea diagnosed

A

swab from cervix or urethra to detect bacteria specific antibodies

50
Q

what bacteria causes the dental infection caries

A

streptococcus mutans

51
Q

what bacteria causes peridontal disease

A

bacteroides, actinomyces

52
Q

what type of infection is oral thrush

A

opportunistic superinfection

53
Q

what fungal agent causes oral thrush

A

candida albicans

54
Q

what bacteria cause GI infections

A

e.coli, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter

55
Q

what virus can cause GI infections

A

rotavirus

56
Q

what are the two types of e.coli

A

enterohaemorrhagic, enterotoxigenic

57
Q

what is the infectious process of enterohaemorrhagic e.coli

A

bacteria bind to epithelial cells on large intestine, produce toxins which cause diarrhoes, can cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome

58
Q

what is the infectious process of enterotoxigenic e.coli

A

bacteria bind to epithelial cells of small intestine, produce plasmid-associated toxins which cause diarrhoes, ‘travellers diarrhoes’

59
Q

what diseases can salmonella cause

A

self-limiting diarrhoea, typhoid fever

60
Q

what causes self limiting diarrhoea

A

salmonella from raw meat, poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk
salmonella enteritidis
salmonella typhimurium

61
Q

what is the process of salmonella infection causing diarrhoea

A

bacteria invade epithelial cells in terminal portion of small intestine, this introduces inflammatory response which causes diarrhoes

62
Q

what causes typhoid fever

A

salmonella in contaminated water
salmonella serovar typhi
salmonella serovar paratyphi

63
Q

what is the process of infection causing typhoid fever

A

bacteria penetrate gut mucosa, divide in macrophages, transported to lymph nodes and discharged into bloodstream where they may infect organs, causes fever and malaise which progress to cause acute illness

64
Q

what disease does campylobacter cause

A

self-limiting diarrhoea from poultry, milk or water

65
Q

what is the most common cause of food poisoning

A

bacterial toxin campylobacter

66
Q

what bacterial toxin is found in poorly stored food

A

bacillus cereus

67
Q

what is antibiotic associated diarrhoea

A

an opportunistic superinfection following treatment with broad spectrum abx

68
Q

what organisms cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

A

overgrowth of candida albicans

overgrowth by clostridium difficile

69
Q

what is clostridium difficile

A

obligate anaerobe spore-forming bacteria, resistant to many abx

70
Q

where is clostridium difficile found

A

naturally in gut of healthy individuals but can be spread by healthcare workers

71
Q

what are the effects of clostridium difficile

A

produces toxins which cause diarrhoes and abdominal cramps

can cuse severe bloody diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon

72
Q

what bacteria cause bacterial meningitis

A

neisseria meningitidis (most common), streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza

73
Q

what are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A

severe headache, fever, aching muscles and joints, drowsiness, neck stiffness, rash (sign of sepsis)

74
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis

A

benzypenicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone

75
Q

how can bacterial meningitis be prevented

A

vaccination

HiB, MenC, ACWY-135, pneumococcal vaccines

76
Q

what bacteria causes opportunistic infections of the skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

77
Q

what is the name of a spreading infection of the epidermis

A

impetigo

78
Q

what is the name of a spreading infection in the dermis

A

erysipelas

79
Q

what is the name of infections in and around hair follicles

A

boils, folliculitis

80
Q

what is the name of spreading infection in underlying connective tissue

A

cellulitis

81
Q

what is used in the treatment of boils and folliculitis

A

heat, drain pus, oral abx if severe

82
Q

what is used in the treatment of impetigo

A

abx, topical or oral if widespread

83
Q

what is the treatment used for cellulitis

A

abx, oral or IV if severe

84
Q

what type of infection is gangrene

A

soft tissue infection

85
Q

what bacteria causes gangrene

A

s.aureus, s.pyogenes

86
Q

what is dry gangrene

A

impaired blood supply, no bacterial infection

87
Q

what is wet gangrene

A

impaired blood supply and bacterial infection

88
Q

what type of gangrene does not involve bacterial infection

A

dry

89
Q

what is the treatment for gangrene

A

surgery, antibiotics

90
Q

what bacteria causes lyme disease

A

borrelia burgdorferi

91
Q

how is lyme disease transmitted

A

by tick carrying bacteria while feeds from host, the initial infection is in the dermis

92
Q

what is the process of lyme disease infection

A

tick carrying bacteria transmits to host, initial infection in dermis, infected tick bite produces red rash, leads to systemic infection (flu like symptoms)

93
Q

how is lyme disease treated

A

with abx

94
Q

what are the complications if lyme disease is untreated

A

arthritis, muscle weakness and heart damage

95
Q

what are the symptoms of osteomyelitis

A

pain, fever, pus in blood vessels in bone, dead areas

96
Q

what bacteria causes osteomyelitis

A

s.aureus

causes infection of bone

97
Q

what bacteria causes septic arthritis

A

s.aureus
causes infections of joints
often following local infections

98
Q

what are the symptoms of sceptic arthritis

A

pain, swelling, redness, fever

99
Q

what is the treatment for sceptic arthritis

A

surgery like joint replacement

100
Q

what is the treatment for infections of bone and joints

A

4-6 weeks abx
removal or damaged tissue (bone)
drainage (joints)

101
Q

what is the name of an infection of the heart

A

endocarditis

102
Q

what causes endocarditis

A

biofilm infection of inner layers of the heart (valves)

caused by streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci

103
Q

what are the symptoms of endocarditis

A

temperature, heart murmur

104
Q

how is endocarditis diagnosed

A

electrocardiography

blood cultures often come back negative

105
Q

what is the treatment for endocarditis

A

penicillin (vancomycin) and aminoglycoside

106
Q

how does sepsis occur

A

from severe bacterial infection in blood

as an immune response to infection

107
Q

what are the symptoms of sepsis

A

high temp, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, extreme pain or discomfort, erythrematous rash

108
Q

what is septic shock

A

systemic inflammation damages tissue and interferes with blood flow which causes multiple organ failure

109
Q

what is the treatment for sepsis

A

long term abx therapy

110
Q

what is clostridium difficile

A

opportunistic infection
overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the bowel, associated with previous antibiotic administration
faecal-oral administration from spore contact
associated colitis and diarrhoea

111
Q

where is c. diff found

A

naturally in the bowel, it starts infecting when it overgrows
it produces spores that can survive outside the body and on hard surfaces

112
Q

what is MRSA

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
can cause invasive infection
treatment with glycopeptide

113
Q

what is GISA/GRSA

A

glycopeptide intermediate/resistant staph aureus

114
Q

what is VRE/GRE

A

vancomycin/glycopeptide resistant enterococci

treatment us linezolid or tigecycline

115
Q

what is betalactamase resistance

A

resistant to enzymes produced by gram negative bacteria leads to resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins
reports of colistin resistant strains

116
Q

what are the five stewardship considerations for every patient in hospitals

A

diagnosis/severity, agent/s, route, dose, duration or review date, monitoring and safety netting

Infection & Immunity (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions