Common Bacterial Infections Flashcards
what is an acute infection
when a microbe lives inside a host for a short period of time
what is a chronic infection
dormant or persistent infection
what is a latent infection
lasts the lifetime of the host
definition of opportunistic
pathogens that take advantage of weakened immune system or altered microbiota
what is primary infection
the first time a person is exposed to and infected by a pathogen - the body has no defence against the pathogen
what is secondary infection
infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection
what is septicaemia
bloodstream infection
when infection of another part of the body enters the bloodstream
what is toxaemia
blood poisoning from toxins from a local bacterial infection
what virus causes URTIs
streptococcus pyogenes
what are the symptoms of URTIs
inflamed tonsils, difficulty swallowing, fever, headache
what are the complications of URTIs
scarlet fever, tonsillar abcesses, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteraemia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, invasive infection
what virus causes acute otitis media
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae
what are the symptoms of otitis media
pain in the ear, hearing loss, dizziness, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea
what bacteria causes conjunctivitis
staphylococcus, streptococcus, haemophilus
what is the treatment for conjunctivitis
topical chloramphenicol
what are the symptoms of conjunctivitis
redness in the white of the eye, increased amount of tears, thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, green or white discharge from the eye, burning/itchy eyes, blurred vision, increased sensitivity to light
what are the infectious causes of conjunctivitis
bacterial, viral, allergic, reactive, STI associated
what STIs are associated with conjunctivitis
neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis
what causes acute bronchitis (LRTI)
inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
what virus causes LRTIs
mycoplasma pneumoniae
what are the symptoms of LRTIs
cough, shortness of breath, fever, chest pains
what is one complication of LRTIs
secondary infection from streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae
what is chronic bronchitis
LRTI, inflammation of trachea and bronchi
what causes chronic bronchitis
smoking or other irritants, can be exacerbated by bacterial infection by streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae
wat are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis
persistent cough (>3 months), excessive mucous secretion
what does COPD stand for
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
what is pneumonia
LRTI, infection of lungs and the inflammation of alveoli
what causes pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus
what are the symptoms of pneumonia
fever, cough (productive), shortness of breath, difficulty/pain on breathing
what is tuberculosis
LRTI, infection of the lungs
what causes tuberculosis
myobacterium tuberculosis
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
persistent productive cough (>3 weeks), blood in sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue
what tests help diagnose tuberculosis
chest x-ray, sputum smear
what causes an ascending UTI
entry of e.coli through the urethra
what causes a descending UTI
infection from blood, usually by staphylococci
what factors predispose to ascending UTIs
length of urethra, catheterisation, disruption of normal urine flow, age, diabetes
what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (lower urinary tract)
difficulty passing urine, can be asymptomatic in elderly or catheterised patients, urine may be cloudy
what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (upper urinary tract)
fewer UTI symptoms, fever, haematuria
what infectious agents cause STIs
bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoa
what are the symptoms of chlamydia in women
discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility
what are the symptoms of chlamydia in men
discharge, inflammation of epididymis/prostate/urethra, infertility
what are the complications for an adult with chlamydia
sterility, kidney disease, trachoma
what are the implications for a baby whose mother has chlamydia
premature birth, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal conjunctivitis, pneumonia
what is the method of diagnosis for chlamydia
urine sample or swab
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in men
discharge, inflammation of epididymis,prostate/urethra, infertility
what are complications of gonorrhoea for women
sterility, systemic infection
what are implications for a baby whose mother has gonorrhoea
neonatal conjunctivitis leading to blindness
how is gonorrhoea diagnosed
swab from cervix or urethra to detect bacteria specific antibodies
what bacteria causes the dental infection caries
streptococcus mutans
what bacteria causes peridontal disease
bacteroides, actinomyces
what type of infection is oral thrush
opportunistic superinfection
what fungal agent causes oral thrush
candida albicans
what bacteria cause GI infections
e.coli, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter
what virus can cause GI infections
rotavirus
what are the two types of e.coli
enterohaemorrhagic, enterotoxigenic
what is the infectious process of enterohaemorrhagic e.coli
bacteria bind to epithelial cells on large intestine, produce toxins which cause diarrhoes, can cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
what is the infectious process of enterotoxigenic e.coli
bacteria bind to epithelial cells of small intestine, produce plasmid-associated toxins which cause diarrhoes, ‘travellers diarrhoes’
what diseases can salmonella cause
self-limiting diarrhoea, typhoid fever
what causes self limiting diarrhoea
salmonella from raw meat, poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk
salmonella enteritidis
salmonella typhimurium
what is the process of salmonella infection causing diarrhoea
bacteria invade epithelial cells in terminal portion of small intestine, this introduces inflammatory response which causes diarrhoes
what causes typhoid fever
salmonella in contaminated water
salmonella serovar typhi
salmonella serovar paratyphi
what is the process of infection causing typhoid fever
bacteria penetrate gut mucosa, divide in macrophages, transported to lymph nodes and discharged into bloodstream where they may infect organs, causes fever and malaise which progress to cause acute illness
what disease does campylobacter cause
self-limiting diarrhoea from poultry, milk or water
what is the most common cause of food poisoning
bacterial toxin campylobacter
what bacterial toxin is found in poorly stored food
bacillus cereus
what is antibiotic associated diarrhoea
an opportunistic superinfection following treatment with broad spectrum abx
what organisms cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
overgrowth of candida albicans
overgrowth by clostridium difficile
what is clostridium difficile
obligate anaerobe spore-forming bacteria, resistant to many abx
where is clostridium difficile found
naturally in gut of healthy individuals but can be spread by healthcare workers
what are the effects of clostridium difficile
produces toxins which cause diarrhoes and abdominal cramps
can cuse severe bloody diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon
what bacteria cause bacterial meningitis
neisseria meningitidis (most common), streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza
what are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis
severe headache, fever, aching muscles and joints, drowsiness, neck stiffness, rash (sign of sepsis)
what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis
benzypenicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone
how can bacterial meningitis be prevented
vaccination
HiB, MenC, ACWY-135, pneumococcal vaccines
what bacteria causes opportunistic infections of the skin
staphylococcus aureus
what is the name of a spreading infection of the epidermis
impetigo
what is the name of a spreading infection in the dermis
erysipelas
what is the name of infections in and around hair follicles
boils, folliculitis
what is the name of spreading infection in underlying connective tissue
cellulitis
what is used in the treatment of boils and folliculitis
heat, drain pus, oral abx if severe
what is used in the treatment of impetigo
abx, topical or oral if widespread
what is the treatment used for cellulitis
abx, oral or IV if severe
what type of infection is gangrene
soft tissue infection
what bacteria causes gangrene
s.aureus, s.pyogenes
what is dry gangrene
impaired blood supply, no bacterial infection
what is wet gangrene
impaired blood supply and bacterial infection
what type of gangrene does not involve bacterial infection
dry
what is the treatment for gangrene
surgery, antibiotics
what bacteria causes lyme disease
borrelia burgdorferi
how is lyme disease transmitted
by tick carrying bacteria while feeds from host, the initial infection is in the dermis
what is the process of lyme disease infection
tick carrying bacteria transmits to host, initial infection in dermis, infected tick bite produces red rash, leads to systemic infection (flu like symptoms)
how is lyme disease treated
with abx
what are the complications if lyme disease is untreated
arthritis, muscle weakness and heart damage
what are the symptoms of osteomyelitis
pain, fever, pus in blood vessels in bone, dead areas
what bacteria causes osteomyelitis
s.aureus
causes infection of bone
what bacteria causes septic arthritis
s.aureus
causes infections of joints
often following local infections
what are the symptoms of sceptic arthritis
pain, swelling, redness, fever
what is the treatment for sceptic arthritis
surgery like joint replacement
what is the treatment for infections of bone and joints
4-6 weeks abx
removal or damaged tissue (bone)
drainage (joints)
what is the name of an infection of the heart
endocarditis
what causes endocarditis
biofilm infection of inner layers of the heart (valves)
caused by streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci
what are the symptoms of endocarditis
temperature, heart murmur
how is endocarditis diagnosed
electrocardiography
blood cultures often come back negative
what is the treatment for endocarditis
penicillin (vancomycin) and aminoglycoside
how does sepsis occur
from severe bacterial infection in blood
as an immune response to infection
what are the symptoms of sepsis
high temp, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, extreme pain or discomfort, erythrematous rash
what is septic shock
systemic inflammation damages tissue and interferes with blood flow which causes multiple organ failure
what is the treatment for sepsis
long term abx therapy
what is clostridium difficile
opportunistic infection
overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the bowel, associated with previous antibiotic administration
faecal-oral administration from spore contact
associated colitis and diarrhoea
where is c. diff found
naturally in the bowel, it starts infecting when it overgrows
it produces spores that can survive outside the body and on hard surfaces
what is MRSA
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
can cause invasive infection
treatment with glycopeptide
what is GISA/GRSA
glycopeptide intermediate/resistant staph aureus
what is VRE/GRE
vancomycin/glycopeptide resistant enterococci
treatment us linezolid or tigecycline
what is betalactamase resistance
resistant to enzymes produced by gram negative bacteria leads to resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins
reports of colistin resistant strains
what are the five stewardship considerations for every patient in hospitals
diagnosis/severity, agent/s, route, dose, duration or review date, monitoring and safety netting
