Vaccinations

Question 1

Immunoprophylaxis

Answer 1

Enhance a specific immune response in an animal by exposing it to vaccination
One stimulated the animal should be able to protect itself from subsequent exposure

Question 2

How is immunity trasnferred?

Answer 2

Passively

Actively

Question 3

What is passive immune transfer?

Answer 3

Administration of humoral or cellular factors from a previously sensitized donor

Question 4

What are the advantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 4

Immediate protection, works for agents that are poor immunogens or where there are no vaccinations

Question 5

What are the advantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 5

Strong protection, longer protection

Question 6

What are the disadvantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 6

Allergic reactions
short lived protection
transfer of disease possible
delays ability to vaccinate

Question 7

What are the Indications of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 7

Exposed susceptible neonates, colostrum deprived neonates, exposed immunosuppressed animals

Question 8

What are the disadvantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 8

Delayed Response

Question 9

What are the indications of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

Answer 9

Unexposed susceptible neonates
routine immunisation
booster vaccinations

Question 10

What is the problem with vaccines for fungi or protozoa?

Answer 10

Fungi and protozoa have more complex antigens making immunoprophylaxis more difficult

Question 11

Maternally derived immunity

Answer 11

Dam develops antibodies in circulation from exposed antigens or vaccintaions

Question 12

How are Maternal antibodies passed?

Answer 12

In utero through the endoepitherliochorial placenta

breast milk

Question 13

When do antibodies start to develop?

Answer 13

once the MDAs decrease below a specific threshold

Question 14

What is the order that maternal antibodies are lost?

Answer 14

IgA, IgM, and IgG

Question 15

How long are pups protected against CDV, CPV, and ICH/CAV with maternal antibodies?

Answer 15

9-14 weeks

Question 16

How long are kittens protected against FPV, FHV, FCV, FeLV, FIV, and FeCOV?

Answer 16

6-14 weeks

Question 17

How does an animal acquire Active immunity?

Answer 17

when it is exposed to a pathogen and develops an immune response

Question 18

Vaccination

Answer 18

administration of an antigenic product

Question 19

Immunization

Answer 19

indicates a successful induction of an immune response

Question 20

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 20

Modified Live

Killed

Question 21

Modified Live Vaccine

Answer 21

Live attenuated vaccines

retain immunogenicity, and replicates as intended without causing disease

Question 22

Killed Vaccines

Answer 22

non-infectious or inactivated
Fail to replicate in the host
Do not mimic natural infection
Immune response to killed vaccine is generally shorter duration and narrower spectrum
Vaccine needs to be given twice to get a similar response to modified live vaccine

Question 23

What response is important for persistent intracellular or latent infection?

Answer 23

Cell Mediated Immunity

Question 24

How is attenuation achieved?

Answer 24

Adapting them to unusual hosts
Subjecting them to prolonged storage times
Passing them through tissue cultures
Genetic Manipulation

Question 25

What route of administration causes a great systemic immune response?

Answer 25

S/C

Question 26

What route of administration causes a local IgA immune response?

Answer 26

Intranasal

Question 27

How do you store Live Vaccines?

Answer 27

Refrigerated at 4C or 39F)

Question 28

Where should vaccines be kept in the refrigerator?

Answer 28

On the center shelf

Question 29

How is a killed vaccine inactivated?

Answer 29

Heat and Light Chemical inactivations Ethylene diamine and Beta-propiolactone

Question 30

Purified subunit vaccines

Answer 30

Contain a immunogenic component of an infectious agent

Question 31

Genetically engineered subunit protein vaccine

Answer 31

In vitro production of large quantities of immunogenic proteins through genetic engineering specific antigens into bacteria, yeasts, or cell lines

Question 32

Adjuvants

Answer 32

Added to non-infectious biologicals to increase Immunostimulation and Duration of immunity

Question 33

How do Adjuvants work?

Answer 33

Prolong antigen exposure Enhance antigen presentation Increase cytokine and immune response

Question 34

What can adjuvants cause?

Answer 34

heightened immune response: Fever, anorexia, swelling, hyperesthesia, uveitis, arthritis, meningitis, and glomerulitis Can cause granulomatous reactions at vaccine sites

Question 35

What can adjuvants cause in cats?

Answer 35

Incriminated in sarcoma development

Question 36

What adjuvant from FeLV cause sarcoma development?

Answer 36

Aluminium

Question 37

What are some alternative routes of vaccination?

Answer 37

Transdermal | Mucosal

Question 38

Transdermal vaccine administration

Answer 38

High pressure aerosols delivered the vaccine directly to intradermal dendritic cells

Question 39

Mucosal vaccine administration

Answer 39

Serum IgA is produce by mucosal associated lymphoid tissue Good immunity used in Canine and Feline respiratory infections

Question 40

Microencapsulation

Answer 40

Placing antigens into hydrogels/microspheres to prevent GIT degradation Antigens reach Peyer's patches in intestines

Question 41

Dermal vaccinations

Answer 41

administer vaccines in sprays and patches on the skin surface could make vaccination safer

Question 42

At what age do vaccines for kittens and puppies end at?

Answer 42

16 weeks of age

Question 43

When is a booster given?

Answer 43

6 months to a 1 year after completion

Question 44

How can you check that an animal has been vaccinated and immunised?

Answer 44

Detect serum antibody titres

Question 45

Why would a vaccine fail?

Answer 45

Host factors Vaccine factors Human Error

Question 46

What are the Host factors that contribute to a vaccine failing?

Answer 46

``` Immunodeficiency very young animal or a very old animal Pregnancy Stress concurrent illness Pyrexia Hypothermia Incubating disease at time of vaccination Cytotoxic drugs or corticosteroids ```

Question 47

What are the vaccine factors that contribute to vaccination failure?

Answer 47

``` Rendered non-effective during handling Improper storage Do not protect 100% Disinfectant used on needles and syringe Wrong strain of infection is given Excessive attenuation Overwhelming exposure ```

Question 48

What are the Human error factors that contribute to Vaccine failure?

Answer 48

``` Improper mixing of products Exposed at time of vaccination visit Concurrent used antimicrobials or immunosuppressive agents Simultaneoous use of antisera Two frequent administration Disinfection of skin Wrong route of administration Delayed completion ```

Question 49

What are the Hypersensitivity reactions of Postvaccinal complications?

Answer 49

Type 1 - Immediate hypersensitivity reaction Type II - cytotoxic hypersensitivity Type III - Immune complex reactions Type IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity

Question 50

Type I Hypersensitivity

Answer 50

Immediate reactions involves IgE mediated release of histamine Angioedema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis inactivated rabies

Question 51

Type II hypersensitivity (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis)

Answer 51

cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction that involves IgG and IgM antibodies bound to cell surface antigens with subsequent complement fixation. Host cells are subsequently damaged causing hemolytic anemia

Question 52

Type III hypersensitivity

Answer 52

circulating antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in post capillary venules with subsequent complement fixation. Can develop immune-complexes in the eye

Question 53

Type IV Hypersensitivity - delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 53

Reaction is mediated by T-cells rather then anitbodies

Question 54

When can Type IV hypersensitivity occur?

Answer 54

when BCG is used as an immunostimulant compound

Question 55

Polyradiculneuritis

Answer 55

LMN paralysis for 1-2 weeks post vaccination

Question 56

What breed is predisposed to Polyradiculoneuritis?

Answer 56

Coonhound

Question 57

What are the clinical signs of Polyradiculoneuritis?

Answer 57

``` Pain erythema swelling irritation loss of hair change of hair color Abscess formation ```

Question 58

What is Polyradiculoneuritis common with?

Answer 58

``` Bordetella Leptospira Rabies FeLV Distemper ```

Question 59

What are some Postvaccinal complications?

Answer 59

Contamination | Adventituous agents

Question 60

How can vaccines get contaminated?

Answer 60

Growth of pyrogens in vaccine, endotoxin in killed vaccines

Question 61

What adventitious agents can be found in vaccines?

Answer 61

Mycoplasma spp | Bovine viral diarrhea virus

Question 62

What vaccine causes Focal cutaneoous granulomatous reactions?

Answer 62

Inactivated rabies vaccine

Question 63

What vaccine causes Ischemic dermatopathy?

Answer 63

rabies vaccine

Question 64

Ischemic dermatopathy

Answer 64

cutaneous vasculitis causing ulceration, crusting, hyperpigmentation and alopecia

Question 65

What are some Central Nervous system complications of vaccines?

Answer 65

Encephalomyelitis | Cerebellar Dysplasia

Question 66

What vaccine causes Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 66

MLV vaccine of rabies | CDV in young puppies

Question 67

What vaccine causes Cerebellar dysplasia?

Answer 67

CPV or FPV

Question 68

What vaccines should be avoided in pregnant animals?

Answer 68

MLV unless it says its safe

Question 69

What vaccines can cause respiratory disease?

Answer 69

FCV FHV-1 CPIV CAV-2

Question 70

How do you treat the inflammatory polyarthritis from vaccines?

Answer 70

NSAIDs for 2 days

Question 71

When do you see lameness post vaccination?

Answer 71

3-15 days

Question 72

What breed so you see vaccine associated hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?

Answer 72

Weimaraners

Question 73

What vaccines are associated with Hypertrophic ossteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?

Answer 73

MLV - CDV

Question 74

What is the vaccine associated disease in young Akitas?

Answer 74

Immune-mediated polyarthritis

Question 75

What do you use to treat Immune mediated polyarthritis in Akitas?

Answer 75

Corticosteroids

Question 76

What happens to Akitas with Immune-mediated polyarthritis?

Answer 76

Usually euthanized around 2 years of age

Question 77

What are the core vaccines for Dogs?

Answer 77

CDV CPV-2 CAV Rabies

Question 78

What are the core vaccines for cats?

Answer 78

FPV FHV-1 FCV

Question 79

When are vaccines given in puppies?

Answer 79

every 2 to 4 wees starting at 6-8 weeks up to 16 weeks

Question 80

When do you revaccinate puppies?

Answer 80

6-12 months

Question 81

Most vaccines except rabies are what kind of vaccines?

Answer 81

triannual vaccines

Question 82

What three vaccines require more frequent administrations?

Answer 82

Leptospira Borrelia Bordetella Parainfluenza

Question 83

For what vaccines are serological tests simple and in-practice?

Answer 83

CDV CPV-2 CAV

Question 84

What does a negative serological test indicate?

Answer 84

Vaccination needed

Question 85

When are kitten vaccines given?

Answer 85

from 6-8 weeks, every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age | Then again at 6 - 12 months

Question 86

What vaccines are given annually in cats?

Answer 86

FHV-1 | FCV

Question 87

when is the FeLV given?

Answer 87

8 weeks of age | repeated 2-4 weeks later

Question 88

What cats do you vaccinate for FeLV?

Answer 88

Negative cats

Question 89

Which vaccinations require annual vaccinations in cats?

Answer 89

Chlamydophila | bordetella

Question 90

Where do you give FeLV vaccine in cats?

Answer 90

Left Leg

Question 91

Where do you give the Rabies vaccine in cats?

Answer 91

Right leg