Vaccinations Flashcards
Immunoprophylaxis
Enhance a specific immune response in an animal by exposing it to vaccination
One stimulated the animal should be able to protect itself from subsequent exposure
How is immunity trasnferred?
Passively
Actively
What is passive immune transfer?
Administration of humoral or cellular factors from a previously sensitized donor
What are the advantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?
Immediate protection, works for agents that are poor immunogens or where there are no vaccinations
What are the advantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?
Strong protection, longer protection
What are the disadvantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?
Allergic reactions
short lived protection
transfer of disease possible
delays ability to vaccinate
What are the Indications of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?
Exposed susceptible neonates, colostrum deprived neonates, exposed immunosuppressed animals
What are the disadvantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?
Delayed Response
What are the indications of Active Immunoprophylaxis?
Unexposed susceptible neonates
routine immunisation
booster vaccinations
What is the problem with vaccines for fungi or protozoa?
Fungi and protozoa have more complex antigens making immunoprophylaxis more difficult
Maternally derived immunity
Dam develops antibodies in circulation from exposed antigens or vaccintaions
How are Maternal antibodies passed?
In utero through the endoepitherliochorial placenta
breast milk
When do antibodies start to develop?
once the MDAs decrease below a specific threshold
What is the order that maternal antibodies are lost?
IgA, IgM, and IgG
How long are pups protected against CDV, CPV, and ICH/CAV with maternal antibodies?
9-14 weeks
How long are kittens protected against FPV, FHV, FCV, FeLV, FIV, and FeCOV?
6-14 weeks
How does an animal acquire Active immunity?
when it is exposed to a pathogen and develops an immune response
Vaccination
administration of an antigenic product
Immunization
indicates a successful induction of an immune response
What are the types of vaccines?
Modified Live
Killed
Modified Live Vaccine
Live attenuated vaccines
retain immunogenicity, and replicates as intended without causing disease
Killed Vaccines
non-infectious or inactivated
Fail to replicate in the host
Do not mimic natural infection
Immune response to killed vaccine is generally shorter duration and narrower spectrum
Vaccine needs to be given twice to get a similar response to modified live vaccine
What response is important for persistent intracellular or latent infection?
Cell Mediated Immunity
How is attenuation achieved?
Adapting them to unusual hosts
Subjecting them to prolonged storage times
Passing them through tissue cultures
Genetic Manipulation
What route of administration causes a great systemic immune response?
S/C
What route of administration causes a local IgA immune response?
Intranasal
How do you store Live Vaccines?
Refrigerated at 4C or 39F)
Where should vaccines be kept in the refrigerator?
On the center shelf
How is a killed vaccine inactivated?
Heat and Light
Chemical inactivations
Ethylene diamine and Beta-propiolactone
Purified subunit vaccines
Contain a immunogenic component of an infectious agent
Genetically engineered subunit protein vaccine
In vitro production of large quantities of immunogenic proteins through genetic engineering specific antigens into bacteria, yeasts, or cell lines
Adjuvants
Added to non-infectious biologicals to increase Immunostimulation and Duration of immunity
How do Adjuvants work?
Prolong antigen exposure
Enhance antigen presentation
Increase cytokine and immune response
What can adjuvants cause?
heightened immune response: Fever, anorexia, swelling, hyperesthesia, uveitis, arthritis, meningitis, and glomerulitis
Can cause granulomatous reactions at vaccine sites
What can adjuvants cause in cats?
Incriminated in sarcoma development
What adjuvant from FeLV cause sarcoma development?
Aluminium
What are some alternative routes of vaccination?
Transdermal
Mucosal
Transdermal vaccine administration
High pressure aerosols delivered the vaccine directly to intradermal dendritic cells
Mucosal vaccine administration
Serum IgA is produce by mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Good immunity
used in Canine and Feline respiratory infections
Microencapsulation
Placing antigens into hydrogels/microspheres to prevent GIT degradation Antigens reach Peyer’s patches in intestines
Dermal vaccinations
administer vaccines in sprays and patches on the skin surface
could make vaccination safer
At what age do vaccines for kittens and puppies end at?
16 weeks of age
When is a booster given?
6 months to a 1 year after completion
How can you check that an animal has been vaccinated and immunised?
Detect serum antibody titres
Why would a vaccine fail?
Host factors
Vaccine factors
Human Error
What are the Host factors that contribute to a vaccine failing?
Immunodeficiency very young animal or a very old animal Pregnancy Stress concurrent illness Pyrexia Hypothermia Incubating disease at time of vaccination Cytotoxic drugs or corticosteroids
What are the vaccine factors that contribute to vaccination failure?
Rendered non-effective during handling Improper storage Do not protect 100% Disinfectant used on needles and syringe Wrong strain of infection is given Excessive attenuation Overwhelming exposure
What are the Human error factors that contribute to Vaccine failure?
Improper mixing of products Exposed at time of vaccination visit Concurrent used antimicrobials or immunosuppressive agents Simultaneoous use of antisera Two frequent administration Disinfection of skin Wrong route of administration Delayed completion
What are the Hypersensitivity reactions of Postvaccinal complications?
Type 1 - Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Type II - cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type III - Immune complex reactions
Type IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity
Type I Hypersensitivity
Immediate reactions involves IgE mediated release of histamine
Angioedema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis inactivated rabies
Type II hypersensitivity (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis)
cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction that involves IgG and IgM antibodies bound to cell surface antigens with subsequent complement fixation.
Host cells are subsequently damaged causing hemolytic anemia
Type III hypersensitivity
circulating antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in post capillary venules with subsequent complement fixation.
Can develop immune-complexes in the eye
Type IV Hypersensitivity - delayed hypersensitivity
Reaction is mediated by T-cells rather then anitbodies
When can Type IV hypersensitivity occur?
when BCG is used as an immunostimulant compound
Polyradiculneuritis
LMN paralysis for 1-2 weeks post vaccination
What breed is predisposed to Polyradiculoneuritis?
Coonhound
What are the clinical signs of Polyradiculoneuritis?
Pain erythema swelling irritation loss of hair change of hair color Abscess formation
What is Polyradiculoneuritis common with?
Bordetella Leptospira Rabies FeLV Distemper
What are some Postvaccinal complications?
Contamination
Adventituous agents
How can vaccines get contaminated?
Growth of pyrogens in vaccine, endotoxin in killed vaccines
What adventitious agents can be found in vaccines?
Mycoplasma spp
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
What vaccine causes Focal cutaneoous granulomatous reactions?
Inactivated rabies vaccine
What vaccine causes Ischemic dermatopathy?
rabies vaccine
Ischemic dermatopathy
cutaneous vasculitis causing ulceration, crusting, hyperpigmentation and alopecia
What are some Central Nervous system complications of vaccines?
Encephalomyelitis
Cerebellar Dysplasia
What vaccine causes Encephalomyelitis?
MLV vaccine of rabies
CDV in young puppies
What vaccine causes Cerebellar dysplasia?
CPV or FPV
What vaccines should be avoided in pregnant animals?
MLV unless it says its safe
What vaccines can cause respiratory disease?
FCV
FHV-1
CPIV
CAV-2
How do you treat the inflammatory polyarthritis from vaccines?
NSAIDs for 2 days
When do you see lameness post vaccination?
3-15 days
What breed so you see vaccine associated hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?
Weimaraners
What vaccines are associated with Hypertrophic ossteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?
MLV - CDV
What is the vaccine associated disease in young Akitas?
Immune-mediated polyarthritis
What do you use to treat Immune mediated polyarthritis in Akitas?
Corticosteroids
What happens to Akitas with Immune-mediated polyarthritis?
Usually euthanized around 2 years of age
What are the core vaccines for Dogs?
CDV
CPV-2
CAV
Rabies
What are the core vaccines for cats?
FPV
FHV-1
FCV
When are vaccines given in puppies?
every 2 to 4 wees starting at 6-8 weeks up to 16 weeks
When do you revaccinate puppies?
6-12 months
Most vaccines except rabies are what kind of vaccines?
triannual vaccines
What three vaccines require more frequent administrations?
Leptospira
Borrelia
Bordetella
Parainfluenza
For what vaccines are serological tests simple and in-practice?
CDV
CPV-2
CAV
What does a negative serological test indicate?
Vaccination needed
When are kitten vaccines given?
from 6-8 weeks, every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age
Then again at 6 - 12 months
What vaccines are given annually in cats?
FHV-1
FCV
when is the FeLV given?
8 weeks of age
repeated 2-4 weeks later
What cats do you vaccinate for FeLV?
Negative cats
Which vaccinations require annual vaccinations in cats?
Chlamydophila
bordetella
Where do you give FeLV vaccine in cats?
Left Leg
Where do you give the Rabies vaccine in cats?
Right leg
