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RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

Immunoprophylaxis

A

Enhance a specific immune response in an animal by exposing it to vaccination
One stimulated the animal should be able to protect itself from subsequent exposure

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2
Q

How is immunity trasnferred?

A

Passively

Actively

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3
Q

What is passive immune transfer?

A

Administration of humoral or cellular factors from a previously sensitized donor

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4
Q

What are the advantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Immediate protection, works for agents that are poor immunogens or where there are no vaccinations

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5
Q

What are the advantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Strong protection, longer protection

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Allergic reactions
short lived protection
transfer of disease possible
delays ability to vaccinate

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7
Q

What are the Indications of Passive Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Exposed susceptible neonates, colostrum deprived neonates, exposed immunosuppressed animals

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Delayed Response

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9
Q

What are the indications of Active Immunoprophylaxis?

A

Unexposed susceptible neonates
routine immunisation
booster vaccinations

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10
Q

What is the problem with vaccines for fungi or protozoa?

A

Fungi and protozoa have more complex antigens making immunoprophylaxis more difficult

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11
Q

Maternally derived immunity

A

Dam develops antibodies in circulation from exposed antigens or vaccintaions

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12
Q

How are Maternal antibodies passed?

A

In utero through the endoepitherliochorial placenta

breast milk

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13
Q

When do antibodies start to develop?

A

once the MDAs decrease below a specific threshold

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14
Q

What is the order that maternal antibodies are lost?

A

IgA, IgM, and IgG

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15
Q

How long are pups protected against CDV, CPV, and ICH/CAV with maternal antibodies?

A

9-14 weeks

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16
Q

How long are kittens protected against FPV, FHV, FCV, FeLV, FIV, and FeCOV?

A

6-14 weeks

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17
Q

How does an animal acquire Active immunity?

A

when it is exposed to a pathogen and develops an immune response

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18
Q

Vaccination

A

administration of an antigenic product

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19
Q

Immunization

A

indicates a successful induction of an immune response

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20
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A

Modified Live

Killed

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21
Q

Modified Live Vaccine

A

Live attenuated vaccines

retain immunogenicity, and replicates as intended without causing disease

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22
Q

Killed Vaccines

A

non-infectious or inactivated
Fail to replicate in the host
Do not mimic natural infection
Immune response to killed vaccine is generally shorter duration and narrower spectrum
Vaccine needs to be given twice to get a similar response to modified live vaccine

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23
Q

What response is important for persistent intracellular or latent infection?

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

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24
Q

How is attenuation achieved?

A

Adapting them to unusual hosts
Subjecting them to prolonged storage times
Passing them through tissue cultures
Genetic Manipulation

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25
Q

What route of administration causes a great systemic immune response?

A

S/C

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26
Q

What route of administration causes a local IgA immune response?

A

Intranasal

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27
Q

How do you store Live Vaccines?

A

Refrigerated at 4C or 39F)

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28
Q

Where should vaccines be kept in the refrigerator?

A

On the center shelf

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29
Q

How is a killed vaccine inactivated?

A

Heat and Light
Chemical inactivations
Ethylene diamine and Beta-propiolactone

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30
Q

Purified subunit vaccines

A

Contain a immunogenic component of an infectious agent

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31
Q

Genetically engineered subunit protein vaccine

A

In vitro production of large quantities of immunogenic proteins through genetic engineering specific antigens into bacteria, yeasts, or cell lines

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32
Q

Adjuvants

A

Added to non-infectious biologicals to increase Immunostimulation and Duration of immunity

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33
Q

How do Adjuvants work?

A

Prolong antigen exposure
Enhance antigen presentation
Increase cytokine and immune response

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34
Q

What can adjuvants cause?

A

heightened immune response: Fever, anorexia, swelling, hyperesthesia, uveitis, arthritis, meningitis, and glomerulitis
Can cause granulomatous reactions at vaccine sites

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35
Q

What can adjuvants cause in cats?

A

Incriminated in sarcoma development

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36
Q

What adjuvant from FeLV cause sarcoma development?

A

Aluminium

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37
Q

What are some alternative routes of vaccination?

A

Transdermal

Mucosal

38
Q

Transdermal vaccine administration

A

High pressure aerosols delivered the vaccine directly to intradermal dendritic cells

39
Q

Mucosal vaccine administration

A

Serum IgA is produce by mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Good immunity
used in Canine and Feline respiratory infections

40
Q

Microencapsulation

A

Placing antigens into hydrogels/microspheres to prevent GIT degradation Antigens reach Peyer’s patches in intestines

41
Q

Dermal vaccinations

A

administer vaccines in sprays and patches on the skin surface
could make vaccination safer

42
Q

At what age do vaccines for kittens and puppies end at?

A

16 weeks of age

43
Q

When is a booster given?

A

6 months to a 1 year after completion

44
Q

How can you check that an animal has been vaccinated and immunised?

A

Detect serum antibody titres

45
Q

Why would a vaccine fail?

A

Host factors
Vaccine factors
Human Error

46
Q

What are the Host factors that contribute to a vaccine failing?

A 
Immunodeficiency 
very young animal or a very old animal 
Pregnancy
Stress
concurrent illness
Pyrexia
Hypothermia
Incubating disease at time of vaccination 
Cytotoxic drugs or corticosteroids
47
Q

What are the vaccine factors that contribute to vaccination failure?

A 
Rendered non-effective during handling
Improper storage
Do not protect 100%
Disinfectant used on needles and syringe 
Wrong strain of infection is given 
Excessive attenuation 
Overwhelming exposure
48
Q

What are the Human error factors that contribute to Vaccine failure?

A 
Improper mixing of products
Exposed at time of vaccination visit
Concurrent used antimicrobials or immunosuppressive agents
Simultaneoous use of antisera
Two frequent administration 
Disinfection of skin 
Wrong route of administration 
Delayed completion
49
Q

What are the Hypersensitivity reactions of Postvaccinal complications?

A

Type 1 - Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Type II - cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type III - Immune complex reactions
Type IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity

50
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

Immediate reactions involves IgE mediated release of histamine
Angioedema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis inactivated rabies

51
Q

Type II hypersensitivity (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis)

A

cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction that involves IgG and IgM antibodies bound to cell surface antigens with subsequent complement fixation.
Host cells are subsequently damaged causing hemolytic anemia

52
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

circulating antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in post capillary venules with subsequent complement fixation.
Can develop immune-complexes in the eye

53
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity - delayed hypersensitivity

A

Reaction is mediated by T-cells rather then anitbodies

54
Q

When can Type IV hypersensitivity occur?

A

when BCG is used as an immunostimulant compound

55
Q

Polyradiculneuritis

A

LMN paralysis for 1-2 weeks post vaccination

56
Q

What breed is predisposed to Polyradiculoneuritis?

A

Coonhound

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of Polyradiculoneuritis?

A 
Pain 
erythema
swelling 
irritation 
loss of hair
change of hair color
Abscess formation
58
Q

What is Polyradiculoneuritis common with?

A 
Bordetella
Leptospira
Rabies
FeLV
Distemper
59
Q

What are some Postvaccinal complications?

A

Contamination

Adventituous agents

60
Q

How can vaccines get contaminated?

A

Growth of pyrogens in vaccine, endotoxin in killed vaccines

61
Q

What adventitious agents can be found in vaccines?

A

Mycoplasma spp

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

62
Q

What vaccine causes Focal cutaneoous granulomatous reactions?

A

Inactivated rabies vaccine

63
Q

What vaccine causes Ischemic dermatopathy?

A

rabies vaccine

64
Q

Ischemic dermatopathy

A

cutaneous vasculitis causing ulceration, crusting, hyperpigmentation and alopecia

65
Q

What are some Central Nervous system complications of vaccines?

A

Encephalomyelitis

Cerebellar Dysplasia

66
Q

What vaccine causes Encephalomyelitis?

A

MLV vaccine of rabies

CDV in young puppies

67
Q

What vaccine causes Cerebellar dysplasia?

A

CPV or FPV

68
Q

What vaccines should be avoided in pregnant animals?

A

MLV unless it says its safe

69
Q

What vaccines can cause respiratory disease?

A

FCV
FHV-1
CPIV
CAV-2

70
Q

How do you treat the inflammatory polyarthritis from vaccines?

A

NSAIDs for 2 days

71
Q

When do you see lameness post vaccination?

A

3-15 days

72
Q

What breed so you see vaccine associated hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?

A

Weimaraners

73
Q

What vaccines are associated with Hypertrophic ossteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis?

A

MLV - CDV

74
Q

What is the vaccine associated disease in young Akitas?

A

Immune-mediated polyarthritis

75
Q

What do you use to treat Immune mediated polyarthritis in Akitas?

A

Corticosteroids

76
Q

What happens to Akitas with Immune-mediated polyarthritis?

A

Usually euthanized around 2 years of age

77
Q

What are the core vaccines for Dogs?

A

CDV
CPV-2
CAV
Rabies

78
Q

What are the core vaccines for cats?

A

FPV
FHV-1
FCV

79
Q

When are vaccines given in puppies?

A

every 2 to 4 wees starting at 6-8 weeks up to 16 weeks

80
Q

When do you revaccinate puppies?

A

6-12 months

81
Q

Most vaccines except rabies are what kind of vaccines?

A

triannual vaccines

82
Q

What three vaccines require more frequent administrations?

A

Leptospira
Borrelia
Bordetella
Parainfluenza

83
Q

For what vaccines are serological tests simple and in-practice?

A

CDV
CPV-2
CAV

84
Q

What does a negative serological test indicate?

A

Vaccination needed

85
Q

When are kitten vaccines given?

A

from 6-8 weeks, every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age

Then again at 6 - 12 months

86
Q

What vaccines are given annually in cats?

A

FHV-1

FCV

87
Q

when is the FeLV given?

A

8 weeks of age

repeated 2-4 weeks later

88
Q

What cats do you vaccinate for FeLV?

A

Negative cats

89
Q

Which vaccinations require annual vaccinations in cats?

A

Chlamydophila

bordetella

90
Q

Where do you give FeLV vaccine in cats?

A

Left Leg

91
Q

Where do you give the Rabies vaccine in cats?

A

Right leg

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 (9 decks)

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