Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal response to a decrease in blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic nervous system is activated
Increased contractility
Increased heart rate
Veno- and arterio- constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the response when cardiac output remain depressed?

A

activation of the RAAS system
Peripheral vasoconstriction
sodium and water retention by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common acquired condition of older dogs?

A

myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration

Dilated cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common condition of large breed dogs?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is more common in small breed dogs?

A

myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the common clinical sign of left sided congestive heart failure?

A

Cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What clinical sign does right sided congestive heart failure cause?

A

Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Waterhammer pulse

A

strong pulse with a sharp rise and fall in pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of pulse do you find in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

small weak (hypokinetic) pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is responsible for S1 heart sounds?

A

AV valve closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is responsible for S2 heart sounds?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is responsible for S3 heart sounds?

A

passive ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When would you hear S3 heart sounds?

A

left ventricular enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is responsible for S4 heart sounds?

A

contraction of atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When would you hear S4 heart sounds?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats

ventricular hypertrophy secondary to aortic stenosis in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When would you hear a systolic click?

A

mitral valve degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is responsible for the systolic click?

A

Mitral valve degeneration when the chordae tendinae snap tight as the degenerative mitral valve protrudes into the left atrium in midsystole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Murmur

A

audible vibrations produced by turbulent blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grade 1/6 murmur

A

very soft
over a small area
only heard after prolonged auscultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Grade 2/6 murmur

A

soft
occurs over a small area
heard after a few seconds of auscultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Grade 6/6 murmur

A

very loud
heard when stethoscope is held slightly off the chest wall
heard over the entire thorax
palpable thrill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common heart disease in dogs?

A

Mitral valve disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the end result of mitral valve disease?

A

NOT DEATH FROM HEART FAILURE!

Die from something else!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What causes cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Volume or pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Eccentric hypertrophy
chronic increased diastolic pressure characterized by cells elongating by the addition of sarcomeres
26
Concentric hypertrophy
there is increased systolic ventricular pressure causing the sarcomeres to replicate side by side in parallel resulting in wider cells and thicker "stiffer" less distensible ventricular wall
27
What conditions result in eccentric hypertrophy?
endocardiosis | dilated cardiomyopathy
28
Signs of Left sided congestive heart failure
``` hypotension pale MM prolonged CRT tachycardia weak pulses weakness exercise intolerance prerenal azotemia because of decreased cardiac output pulmonary edema coughing dysnea orthopnea tachypnea cyanosis ```
29
Signs of Right Sided Congestive Heart Failure
Increased pressure in the anterior and posterior vena cava Distension of the jugular and peripheral veins Ascites hepatomegaly splenomegaly pleural effusion
30
Clinical stages of congestive heart failure
Phase 1 - Heart disease but no clinical signs Phase 2 - Cough, fatigue, and dyspnea with normal or strenuous exercise Phase 3 - Cough, fatigue, dyspnea, and orthopnea at night and with any activity Phase 4 - Cough, fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, and cyanosis at rest
31
What are the general principles of treating heart failure?
1. Handle animals with extreme care 2. Enhance oxygenation 3. Reduce edema by decreasing circulating blood volume using diuretics 4. reduce preload by trapping blood in the peripheral venous system 5. Decrease systemic vascular resistance 6. Improve cardiac contractility 7. Be cautious with IV fluids 8. Treat arrythmias 9. Sodium Restricted diet 10. Beta Blockers prolong and improve quality of life 11. Frequent clinical exams 12. Prognosis is variable 13. Combination therapy when needed
32
What is the recommended drug used for sedation in animals with heart failure?
Butorphenol
33
What drug takes away the nausea of morphine and the anxiety?
Acepromazine
34
What is the goal of oxygen therapy?
Maintain PaO2 greater than 60mmHg
35
What percentage of O2 is administered?
30-35%
36
What is the most common diuretic used in heart failure?
Furosemide
37
What is the most important drug used in the treatment of heart failure?
Furosemide
38
What is the 4 keys to the treatment of heart failure?
F- Furosemide O- Oxygen N- Nitroglycerine S- Sedation
39
What is the best way to achieve the lowest dose of Furosemide?
Decreased Sodium Intake | using an ACE inhibitor
40
What is the most commonly used venodilator?
Nitroglycerine cream
41
What is the most widely used vasodilator in the treatment of CHF?
ACE Inhibitors
42
What is pimobendan?
phosphodiesterase inhibitor causing arterio and veno dilation Calcium sensitizer inodilator
43
What drug is used when an animal is in cardiogenic shock?
Dobutamine CRI
44
Why are beta blockers used?
Prolong and improve quality of life by preventing the deleterious effects of the sympathetic nervous system
45
What are the beta blockers commonly used?
Carvedilol | Metoprolol
46
PDA
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
47
Which way is blood shunted in a PDA?
Normally - Left to Right: Aorta to the Pulmonary artery
48
What type of hypertrophy is associated with Left to Right shunting PDA?
eccentric hypertrophy
49
What type of heart failure is associated with a Left to Right shunting PDA?
Left Sided Congestive Heart Failure
50
What type of heart failure is associated with a Right to Left shunting PDA?
Right sided heart failure
51
What does the kidney cause in Right to Left Shunting PDA?
Kidney secretes more erythropoietin due to low PaO2 causing erythrocytosis and increased viscosity
52
In what breeds is PDA common?
Toy breeds Miniature Poodles German Sheperds
53
What are the usual signs of PDA?
Asymptomatic
54
What is the murmur associated with PDA?
Machinery murmur - loudest forward of the heart base
55
What kind of pulse is associated with PDA?
Water-hammer pulse or bounding pulse
56
In R-to-L shunting PDA where do you see cyanosis?
caudally but not in the MM of the head
57
What do you find on radiographs with PDA?
L-to-R shunting: Left Heart Enlargement and prominent lung vessels R-to-L shunting: Right Heart Enlargement
58
What do you find on doppler with PDA?
Turbulence in the pulmonary artery just distal to the pulmonic valve
59
What do you find on EKG with PDA?
Signs of left or right heart enlargement
60
What is the treatment for PDA?
surgical correction for L-to-R shunting using Embolization coils or Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder No surgical correction for R-to-L Shunting- correct the erythrocytosis using Sildenafil
61
What is prognosis for PDA?
After surgery survival is excellent | R-to-L shunting animals can be maintained medically for 3-5 years with low levels of activity
62
What is the most common congenital cardiac disorder of dogs?
Aortic Stenosis
63
Aortic Stenosis
fibrocartilaginous connective tissue that completely or partially encircles the aortic outflow tract
64
What is the most common Aortic Stenosis in dogs?
Subvalvular
65
What type of hypertrophy is associated with Aortic Stenosis?
Left ventricular Concentric hypertrophy
66
What breeds are associated with Aortic Stenosis?
Newfoundlands Boxers Rotties Goldens
67
What are the signs of Aortic stenosis?
Syncope | sudden death due to arrhythmias
68
Describe the murmur associated with Aortic stenosis
systolic murmur loudest over the left heart base
69
What arrhythmia is associated with Aortic Stenosis?
VPDs
70
What do you see on radiographs with Aortic Stenosis?
dilation of ascending Aorta | left ventricular and left atrial enlargement
71
What do you see on echocardiography with Aortic Stenosis?
Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
72
What is used on ultrasound to detect hypertrophy of the left ventricle in Aortic Stenosis?
M-mode
73
What do you see on ECG with Aortic Stenosis?
Left ventricular enlargement ST segment depression VPDs
74
What drugs are recommended in Aortic Stenosis?
Beta Blockers
75
What drugs exacerbate Aortic Stenosis?
Class I antiarrythmics
76
What is the better choice for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in Aortic Stenosis?
Sotalol
77
What is the treatment for Aortic Stenosis?
balloon valvuloplasty | transventricular myectomy
78
What is the treatment for dogs with congestive heart failure from Aortic Stenosis?
Furosemide | ACE inhibitors
79
What is the prognosis for Aortic Stenosis?
Progressive
80
What is important to control in dogs with Aortic Stenosis?
Infections that can lead to endocarditis
81
What is the 3rd most common congenital cardiac disorder in the dog?
Pulmonic Stenosis
82
What is the most common Pulmonic Stenosis?
Valvular
83
What causes Pulmonic Stenosis?
the valve is dysplastic being thickened, asymmetrical and having hypoplastic valve annulus
84
What is the hypertrophy associated with Pulmonic Stenosis?
Concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle
85
Why is the right atrium enlarged in Pulmonic Stenosis?
Due to elevated right ventricular filling pressures
86
What breeds are pulmonic stenosis seen in?
English bulldogs | Beagle
87
What are the signs of Pulmonic Stenosis?
exercise intolerance weakness syncope sudden death
88
Where is the murmur heard in pulmonic stenosis?
systolic heart murmur over the left heart base
89
What is seen on radiography with pulmonic stenosis?
Right ventricular enlargement | post-stenotic dilation of the pulmonary truck at 1 o'clock on VD/DV views
90
What is seen on ECG with pulmonic stenosis?
right ventricular enlargement
91
What is the treatment for pulmonic stenosis?
Balloon valvuloplasty patchgraft valvuloplasty A right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit placed with single right coronary type R2A anomly
92
What is the prognosis for pulmonic stenosis?
Good Therapy should be considered if the clinical signs ans cardiac function worsen Response to balloon valvuloplasty is excellent
93
What is the flow of blood in a ventricular septal defect?
Flow from high pressure left ventricle to low pressure right ventricle
94
What breeds are Ventricular septal defects common in?
Keeshonds | English Bulldogs
95
What species is Ventricular Septal defect common in?
Cats
96
What arrhythmia is common in Ventricular Septal defect?
VPDs
97
Describe the murmur in Ventricular Sept Defect
a systolic murmur loudest over the right sternal border | a thrill over the right hemithorax
98
What so you find in radiographs for ventricular septal defect?
prominent pulmonary vessels | left heart enlargement
99
What provides the definitive diagnosis for Ventricular septal defect?
Doppler
100
What is the treatment for Ventricular septal defect?
Septal defect closed with a synthetic patch pulmonary banding Embolization coils Amplatz occluders Arterial vasodilators to decrease the L-to-R Shunting
101
What is the prognosis for Ventricular septal defect?
Good to excellent | Can occasionally close spontaneously
102
What are the four factors of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary stenosis overriding aorta VSD Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
103
What breed is associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Keeshond
104
What are the signs associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
``` exercise intolerance syncope Cyanosis Increased PCV Hyperviscosity ```
105
Describe the murmurs associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
systolic murmur of pulmonic stenosis at the left heart base | VSD murmur on the right
106
What do you find on the radiographs associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Right heart enlargement | small pulmonary vessels
107
What do you find on Echocardiogram for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Right ventricular hypertrophy | overriding aorta with vessel straddling a high ventricular septal defect
108
What identifies Tetralogy of Fallot?
Angiography
109
What is the treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Surgery Beta Blockers for some patients Hydroxurea
110
What drugs are contraindicated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Vasodilators
111
What does Atrial septal defect cause?
Right ventricular enlargement | enlargement of pulmonary vessels
112
What are the signs of Atrial septal defect?
Asymptomatic
113
What is the most common congenital cardiac malfunction in cats and large breed dogs?
Atrioventricular (A-V) valve malformations
114
Atrioventricular (A-V) valve malformations
valves that are thickened or fused papillary muscles are malpositioned, partially developed or absent chordae tendinae are too long, too short, or absent
115
What occurs most common with Atrioventricular (A-V) valve malformations?
Valvular insufficiency resulting in regurg and volume overload
116
What is the treatment for Atrioventricular (A-V) valve malformations?
Furosemide ACE inhibitors Low sodium diet
117
What arrhythmias are common with Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmias in young german shepards?
VPDs
118
What are the signs associated with Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmias in young german shepards?
Frequent episodes of V-tach sudden death VPDs
119
What is the treatment for Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmias in young german shepards?
Sotalol + Mexiletine until 18months -2 years old
120
What is the common condition in giant and large breed dogs?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
121
What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy characterized by?
Decreased myocardial contractility | Progressive dilation of the left and right ventricle with mild thinning of the ventricular walls
122
What breeds are usually affected by Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Doberman Pinschers | Boxer
123
Arrhythmogenic Dilated cardiomyopathy
arrhythmias but with normal left ventricular contractility
124
What are the three stages of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Arrhythmogenic Occult Classic
125
Occult Dilated cardiomyopathy
left ventricular enlargement Decreased contractility Ventricular arrhythmias or Atrial Fibrillation are common
126
Classic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dogs are in left sided heart failure ventricular enlargement and decreased myocardial contractility ventricular arrhythmias or Atrial fibrillation
127
Signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
``` Sudden death from arrhythmias weight loss syncope dyspnea orthopnea coughing Lung sounds with pleural effusion ```
128
What type of heart failure is associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Left or right sided heart failure
129
Describe the murmur associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Systolic murmur from mitral regurgitation due to dilation of the mitral annulus gallop sounds are common
130
What are the laboratory findings associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Prerenal azotemia | increased liver enzymes from hepatic congestion
131
What deficiency is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy in cats?
Taurine
132
What is found on radiographs with Dilated cardiomyopathy?
generalized hear enlargement | Left heart enlargement
133
What diagnostic tool is a definitive diagnosis for Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Left ventricular and left atrial enlargement with "flabby" ventricular walls
134
What do you find on M-mode with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Enlarged left atrium
135
What arrhythmias are common in dilated cardiomyopathy?
VPDs | Atrial Fibrillation
136
What is the treatment for Dilated Cardiomyopathy if the animal has "lone Atrial Fibrillation"?
Beta-blockers | Diltiazem
137
What is the treatment for Occult Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
ACE inhibitors Pimobendan Beta-Blockers
138
What is the treatment for dogs with mild failure with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Furosemide ACE inhibitors pimobendan Antiarrhythmics
139
What is the treatment for dogs with mild failures with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Sedation Supplementary O2 Drain effusions and ascites
140
What combination of drugs improves quality of life and survival in dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Pimobendan Furosemide ACE inhibitors
141
What is characteristics for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Cats?
ventricular dilation thinning of the ventricular walls decreased contractility
142
What is the treatments for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in cats?
Furosemide for pulmonary edema oxygen therapy venodilator therapy
143
What is the main treatment for cats with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Taurine supplementation if deficient
144
What is the prognosis for cats with Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
poor unless taurine deficiency is the cause
145
What is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
146
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
functional abnormality of the myocytes that leads to increased cell stress and excitation and activation of trophic and mitotic factors which leads to papillary muscle and left ventricular concentric hypertrophy
147
What kind of hypertrophy does Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats result in?
Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
148
What breeds of cats are predisposed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Maine Coons | Ragdoll
149
What predisposes a cat to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
``` Genetics Hyperthyroidism Systemic hypertension toxins aortic stenosis acromegaly ```
150
What are cats with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy predisposed to ?
Thrombus formation and emboli formation
151
Aortic thromboembolism
stasis of blood in the lest strium predisposes affect cats to thrombus formation and some will form emboli. This dislodges and move to the iliac bifurcation where they can cause ischemia of the hind legs
152
What are the clinical signs of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Many are asymptomatic Development of acute heart failure due to stress Syncope/collapse sudden death Signs of left sided congestive heart failure
153
Describe the murmurs in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
``` Gallop rhythms (S4) systolic murmurs ```
154
Signs of Aortic Thromboembolism
``` the muscles of the limbs are hard and painful the limbs are cool to the touch The pads are hard the nail beds may be cyanotic if the nail is clipped it does not bleed Tachypnea open mouthed breathing distress ```
155
What laboratory findings do you see in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Biomarkers in the blood such as Troponin or pro-BNP | with ATE: muscle necrosis, elevated CK, AST, and Potassium
156
What is the classical sign seen on Radiographs that points to Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
"valentine-shaped" heart due to left ventricular enlargement
157
What do you see on echocardiogram with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
marked thickening of the interventricular septum and/or left ventricular walls
158
What do you see on doppler with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
a jet across the mitral valve
159
What do you see on M-mode with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Thickened ventricular free wall and septum
160
What do you see on angiography with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
enlarged left atrium | thickened left ventricular free wall and septum
161
What do you see on EKG with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Left heart enlargement VPDs V-tach
162
What is the treatment for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
ACE inhibitors with a beta-blocker or diltiazem Furosemide Beta Blockers
163
What drugs do you used to sedate cats with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Butorphenol mixed with Acepromazine
164
What is the classic sign of thromboembolism?
"swirling smoke" seen in the left atrium
165
What does the use of Spironolactone cause in cats?
Facial dermatitis
166
What does reprofusion cause in cats with ATE?
Hyperkalemia
167
What can be used to prevent thrombus formation in cats?
unfractionated heparin
168
What are two drugs that are used for chronic control of ATE in cats?
``` Aspirin Clopidogrel (Plavix) ```
169
How do you prevent Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
test for myosin bind protein 3 in Maine Coons and Ragdolls
170
What is a key prognostic factor in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Left Atrial Size
171
What are the histiologic changes seen in boxers with Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?
changes of the right myocardium: inflammation, fibrosis, and or fat infiltration and ventricular arrhythmias
172
What causes Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
low levels of connexin 43 and calstabin indicating dysfunction of gap junctions and leaking of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum caused by a deletion in a calcium modulating gene (striatin)
173
What is the signalment of Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
Boxers 6-10 years of age
174
What are signs of Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
``` sudden death weakness syncope right congestive heart failure VPDs ```
175
What laboratory finding is seen in Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
Serum cTn-1 concentrations
176
What can be seen on radiographs and ultrasound in Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
right ventricular enlargement | aneurysm of the infundibulum
177
What is the treatment for Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in boxers?
Sotalol + Mexilitene Mexilitene + Atenolol Sotalol (alone)
178
What is a common degenerative disorder of the mitral valve?
Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration
179
What is a common disease of small and medium sized dogs?
Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration
180
What is the cause of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
unknown but possibly due to collagen abnormality
181
Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration
The thickening and contraction of the valve leaflets results in the valve becoming incompetant and there is regurgitation of blood to the atrium in systole. The choardae tendinae become thickened near the valve attachment and may rupture leading to prolapse of the valve into the atrium during systole
182
What is the compensation by the heart for Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Increased sympathetic tone | increased cardiac output
183
What does regurgitation of the Mitral valve cause?
Left atrial enlargement
184
What does left atrial enlargement cause?
Compression of the left main bronchus
185
What type of hypertrophy is present with Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
eccentric hypertrophy
186
Why does heart failure occur in Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
The left ventricle becomes dilated so it cannot move the required amount of blood
187
What breed is genetically predisposed to Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
188
What are the signs that dogs with Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration present with?
Asymptomatic murmur Large airway compression causing coughing Syncope Left atrial rupture and acute cardiac tamponade Chronic congestive heart failure
189
What do you find on laboratory diagnostics for Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Mild increases in BUN and Crea Mild increases in Liver enzymes Increases in Natriuretic peptides and Endothelin-1 blood concentrations
190
What do you find on Echocardiogram with Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Enlarged left atrium | mitral valve prolapse
191
What is the home treatment for Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Surgical repair or replacement of the valve Furosemide ACE inhibitor Sodium restricted diet
192
What should be performed on animals to confirm Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Radiographs | Echocardigraphy
193
What drugs are contraindicated for animals with Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Antitussives
194
What is the hospital treatment for Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Oxygen Furosemide IV Hydralyzine ACE inhibitor once stable
195
What is the chronic treatment for Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Spironolactone Restricted sodium diet Pimobendan
196
What is the treatment for Stage A of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Yearly auscultation | no drugs
197
Stage A of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration
Normal dogs at high risk
198
Stage B of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Structural heart disease but no signs of CHF
199
Stage B1 of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
murmur with no radiographic or echocardiographic signs of remodeling
200
Stage B2 of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Murmur with radiographic or echocardiographic signs of left heart enlargement
201
What is the treatment for Stage B1 of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
No drugs or diet therapy needed | Recheck with radiographs/ultrasound yearly
202
What is the treatment for Stage B2 of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
ACE inhibitors Beta Blockers Mild sodium restriction
203
Stage C of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Previous or currents signs of CHF
204
What is the at home treatment for Stage C of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Furosemide ACE inhibitors Pimobendan Good nursing
205
What is the hospital treatment for Stage C of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
Furosemide Pimobendan Oxygen Remove Pleural effusions/ascites
206
Stage D of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
End stage heart failure refractory to standard therapy
207
What is the hospital treatment for Stage D of Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration?
``` Free access to water Fluid removal Oxygen Sodium nitroprusside ACE inhibitors pimobendan ```
208
What do most dogs with Myxomatous atrioventricular valvular degeneration die from?
Other causes
209
Endocarditis
bacteremia when organisms colonize the endocardium and usually also one of the heart valves
210
Where does vegetation most often take place in a dog with endocarditis?
Aortic and mitral valves
211
What are the 6 bacteria that can cause endocarditis?
``` Bartonella spp. Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. E. coli Corynebacterium spp. Pseudomonas spp. ```
212
What is the signalment for animals with Endocarditis?
Large breed dogs Male 4-8 years
213
Signs of endocarditis?
``` history of invasive procedure or infection weight loss intermittent malaise anorexia shifting of leg lameness gastrointestinal disturbances seizures left sided congestive heart failure Fever murmur that develops suddenly bounding pulses with aortic insufficiency ```
214
What are the laboratory findings of endocarditis?
Neutrophilic leukocytosis - left shift or toxic changes Anemia of chronic inflammaion thrombocytopenia
215
What is seen on echocardiography for endocarditis?
Lesions of greater than 1mm can be detected and appear as vegetations on the mitral valve and/or aortic valve
216
What is the treatment for endocarditis?
Controlling the arrhythmias and heart failure Bactericidal antibiotics with high concentrations for extended period of time antibiotic chosen based on sensitivity studies
217
What is the prognosis for endocarditis?
Poor but grave if heart failure develops
218
Pericardial effusion
presence of abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial sac
219
What does pericardial effusion cause?
Cardiac tamponade
220
What breeds are predisposed to Hemangiosarcoma?
Goldens | German Shepards
221
What breeds are predisposed to Paragangliomas?
Brachycephalic breeds
222
Wht are the signs of pericardial effusion?
``` Weight loss weakness enlarging abdomen Pale MM Slow CRT muffled heart sounds poor pulses jugular distension ascites ```
223
What diagnostic imaging clearly reveals the pericardial fluid?
Echocardiography
224
Where are paragangliomas found?
Based of the Aorta
225
Where do Hemangiosarcomas occur?
Right auricle Right atrium Rigth ventricle
226
What is the treatment for pericardial effusion?
Immediate pericardiocentesis
227
What is indicated if the pericardial effusion is recurrent?
Pericardectomy | Percutaneous Balloon Pericardectomy
228
What is the prognosis for idiopathic pericardial effusion?
excellent
229
What is the prognosis for pericardial effusion caused by hemangiosarcoma?
Poor
230
What type of hypertrophy is seen with Canine heartworm?
Right ventricular eccentric hypertrophy
231
What type of heart failure is associated with canine heartworm?
Right side heart failure
232
What are the laboratory findings associaated with Canine heartworm?
``` Thrombocytopenia Eosinophilia Basophilia Mild Non-regenerative anemia Hyperglobulinemia INcreased liver enzymes ```
233
What signs are seen on Radiographs associated with canine heartworm?
Right ventricular enlargement A prominent main pulmonary artery "D" shaped cardiac silhouette Enlarged lobar arteries
234
What are the goals of canine heartworm therapy?
1. begin the animal on prophylaxis 2. Manage signs of moderate or severe lung disease and heart failure 3. Kill Microfilaria 4. Adulticide therapy
235
Diethylcarbamazine
effective against the L3-L4 molt stage and against microfilaria
236
Ivermectine
kills L3-L4 annd will kill most adult worms when given over 2-3 years
237
Can you give Ivermectin to a collie?
Yes, to Collies over 4.5kg
238
Milbemycin
effective against L3 and L4 and microfilaria but NOT against adults
239
Selamectin
effective against L3 -L4 and moderate activity against adults and microfilaria
240
Moxidectin
Effective against L3-L4 and only moderate adult activity

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions