Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropraxia

A

degeneration of the myelin sheath due to loss of blood supply, pressure from the weight of the animal during anesthesia, tourniquets etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Axonotmesis

A

degeneration of axons but the endoneurium and Schwann cells remain intact allowing regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurotmesis

A

complete severance of a nerve and degeneration of the distal portion and its Schwann cells
No regeneration can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

symptoms of Peripheral nerve injury

A

non- progressive LMN signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment of peripheral nerve injuries

A

glucocorticoids to decrease inflammation
protect the limb during recovery
decompress nerve surgically
Amputation after 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can occur with peripheral nerve injuries?

A

Self-mutilation due to abnormal sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brachial plexus avulsion

A

abduction of the front limb forcing it cranially or caudally resulting in avulsion of the nerve roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disruption of the nerve roots at C6-T1 leads to what signs?

A

denervation of the extensors and flexors of the elbow and carpus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disruption of the nerve roots at C6-C7

A

Denervation of the extensors and flexors of the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What reflex is lost with damage to the C6-T1?

A

Panniculus reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What syndrome develops from injury to T1 ventral nerve roots and the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?

A 
Horner's Syndrome: 
Miosis
ptosis
enophthalmos 
Protrusion of the membrana nictitans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for brachial plexus avulsion?

A

Protect the affect limb
Physiotherapy
Amputate after 6 months of no improvement
STEROIDS DO NOT HELP!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a predictor of recovery for brachial plexus avulsion?

A

deep pain response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs of a Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

Chronic progressive monoparesis
neurogenic muscle atrophy
hyperesthesia with limb palpation and manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you use to diagnose Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

CT scan
Myelogram
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment for Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

Surgical resection

Amputation depending on the nerve affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do fibrocartilaginous emboli originate from?

A

the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do fibrocartilaginous emboli cause?

A

Ischemic myelopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What breed is fibrocartilaginous emboli common in?

A

Large breed dogs

Miniature Schnauzers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What aggravates/causes fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

vigorous exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is used to diagnose fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

MRI
CSF examination
Myelogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

Dexamethasone
Supportive therapy
cage rest
physio therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Degenerative myelopathy

A

degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths in the thoracolumbar spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the breeds affected by Degenerative Myelopathy?

A

Large breed dogs

GSDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the clinical signs of Degenerative Myelopathy?

A

Gradual loss (over 6-20 months) of voluntary motor functions and position sense
Knuckling, dragging of the toes, crossing of legs
dysmetria and ataxia of pelvic limbs
muscle atrophy of pelvic limbs
UMN hind limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the treatment for Degenerative Myelopathy?

A

None
Supportive therapy
physio therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lumbosacral malarticulation malformation, cauda equina syndrome, lumbosacral stenosis, spondylolisthesis

A

forces generated by the hind limbs are transferred to the spinal column leading to Hansen type II degeneration of the L7/S1 disc and compression of the cauda equina
Also causes the proliferation of the interarcuate ligaments and formation of osteophytes on articulation facets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cauda Equina syndrome?

A

Pain on palpation of the lumbosacral area
LMN signs in the sciatic and pudendal nerves
Difficulty rising and negotiating stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the tests used to diagnose Cauda Equina syndrome?

A

“Lordosis test”

“Tail Jack test”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is used to diganose Cauda Equina syndrome?

A 
Radiographs
Myelography
epidurography
MRI 
CT scans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the treatment for Cauda Equina syndrome?

A 
Cage Rest
NSAIDs
Dorsal Laminectomy 
Surgery to remove bone and ligaments putting pressure on the nerves
Surgical stabilization 
Dorsolateral foramenotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease

A

As the dog ages the gel-like nucleus pulposus degenerates and is replaced with cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartliage)
Dorsal displacement of the nucleus pulposus can result in stretching of the dorsal ligament and spinal cord damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

Hansen Type I

Hansen Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is cauda equine syndrome seen in the vertebral column?

A

L7/S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Hansen Type 1

A

an explosive extrusion of nuclear pulposus material into the spinal canal through the annulus fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What breeds are more prone to Hansen Type 1?

A

Chrondrodystrophic breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Hansen Type II

A

small tears appear in the annulus fibrosis and there is slow protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What breeds are more prone to Hansen Type II

A

Large breed dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is calcification seen in cats?

A

upper cervical and mid-lumbar areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the clinical signs of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

hyperesthesia
paralysis
anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the order of loss of function in Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A
  1. Conscious Proprioception
  2. voluntary motor function
  3. control of urination and defecation
  4. superficial pain sensation
  5. deep pain sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do you diagnose Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

Myelography
CT scan
MRI imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do you treat Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

depending on the clinical signs and severity
Cage Rest
NSAIDs
Predisone
NO STEROIDS!!
Surgery: Dorsolateral hemilaminectomy and durotomy
Physiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the Grades of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

Grades 1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 1 neurological effects

A

Spinal hyperesthesia without neurological defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 2 neurological defects

A

Paresis but ambulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 3 neurological defects

A

paresis but non-ambulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 4 neurological defects

A

paralysis with deep pain sensation intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 5 neurological defects

A

paralysis with no deep pain sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What treatment is recommended for all Grade 4 animals?

A

Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the surgery of choice for a Grade 4 Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?

A

Dorsolateral hemilaminectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Diskospondylitis

A

infection of the cartilaginous endplates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the most common agents causing Diskospondylitis?

A

S. Intermedius
B. canis
Streptococcus spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Diskospondylitis?

A 
hyperesthesia
pyrexia
depression 
weight loss
Spinal cord signs due to compression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How do you diagnose Diskospondylitis?

A

Radiographs
MRI
Serology for B. canis on intact dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do you treat Diskospondylitis?

A

analgesics
antibiotics parenterally
Treatment is usually 1 year long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the 4 types of neoplasia seen in the spine?

A
  1. intramedullary
  2. metastatic intramedullary
  3. Intradural-extramedullary
  4. extradural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the most common neoplasia of the spine?

A

Extradural: vertebral osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, multiple myeloma, hemangiosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma or metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the second most common tumor in dogs?

A

Hemangiosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the most common spinal cord neoplasia in cats?

A

Extradural lymphosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How does the Intramedullary tumor appear on the myelogram?

A

dye columns thin and diverge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How does the intradural-extramedullary tumor appear on the myelogram?

A

characteristic “golf-tee” sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How does the extradural tumors appear on the myelogram?

A

cause one side of the dye column to deviate towards the lumen of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the treatment for a Meningioma?

A

resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the treatment for neoplasia of the spine?

A

Resection if possible
Radiation
Chemo therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the clinical signs of vertebral fractures or luxations?

A 
history of trauma
spinal hyperesthesia 
decreased or absent voluntary motor activity 
misalignment of the spine 
Schiff-Sherrington
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Schiff-Sherrington

A

stiff front legs (like tetanus) from a lesion in the spinal cord that knocks out the inhibitory neurons between the front and back legs leading to stiff front limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

How do you diagnose vertebral fracture or luxation?

A

Radiographs

CT/MRI

69
Q

How do you treat vertebral fracture or luxation?

A

Treat the shock or life threatening conditions
Methylprednisolone succinate
Mannitol once hypovolemia is corrected
Surgery
Cats: Splinting and confinement or dorsal hemilaminectomy and stabilization of the fracture

70
Q

Hemivertebrae

A

Failures of the left and right center of ossification to fuse

71
Q

Block or fused vertebrae

A

incomplete segmentation of two or more adjacent vertebrae

72
Q

Spinal dysraphism

A

spinal cord does not close at the top

73
Q

Sacrococcygeal dys/agenesis

A

no development of the tail/sacrum causing no nerves to the bladder or rectum causing incontinence

74
Q

Spinal synovial cysts

A

multiple cervical cysts causing neck pain

75
Q

Spondylosis deformans

A

vertebral osteophytes form spurs or complete bony bridges at intervertebral spaces

76
Q

Old Dog Hind Limb Tremors

A

mild tremors seen in one or both hind limbs most obvious when the dog is standing or sitting/laying

77
Q

Dancing Dobermans

A

Flexion of the pelvic limbs while standing

May lead to atrophy of the gastrocnemius

78
Q

Where is Hansen Type I cervical disc extrusion seen in chondrodystrophic breeds?

A

C2/3

Caudal to C4

79
Q

Where is Hansen Type I seen in large breeds?

A

C3-4
C5/6
C6/7

80
Q

Where is Hansen Type II cervical disc prolapse found in Dobermans and Rottweilers?

A

C6/7

81
Q

What are the clinical signs of cervical disc disease?

A 
Severe neck pain 
holding their heads in a fixed position 
Yelp in pain with minor movements
will not eat unless food is elevated
Neurological deficits due to spinal cord compression
82
Q

How do you diagnose cervical disc disease?

A

Radiographs

Myelography

83
Q

How do you treat cervical disc disease?

A

cage rest
Prednisone with diazepam or methocarbamol
Surgery: Ventral fenestration or ventral decompression

84
Q

Common name for Cervical spondylomyelopathy

A

Canine Wobbler’s

85
Q

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

A

common condition characterized by compresison of the spinal cord in the caudal cervical area

86
Q

What breeds are susceptible to Cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Large and Giant Breed dogs: Great Danes (3-18 months), Rottweilers, Mastiffs, and Mountain Dogs

87
Q

What are the causes of Cervical spondylomyelopathy ?

A
  1. congenital stenosis of the vertebral column
  2. Hansen type II disk protrusion
  3. hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum
  4. boney proliferation of articular processes
88
Q

Tipping

A

bony changes of the dorsal lamina or craniodorsal ridges of the vertebral body

89
Q

Cervical spondylomyelopathy Hansen Type II disk protrusion

A

hypertrophied dorsal annulus compresses the ventral aspect of the spinal cord at C5-6 or C6-7

90
Q

What are the factors leading to Cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A 
Genetics
Congenital spinal canal stenosis
Over-nutrition 
Rapid Growth 
Abnormal stresses/motility in synovial joints
Hypercalcitonin
91
Q

Clinical signs of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A 
Cervical Hyperesthesia
neck guarding 
low-neck posture
Paresis in the pelvic limbs 
hypometria (stiff gait) in the front limbs
92
Q

Diagnosis of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Radiographs
Myelography
MRI

93
Q

Treatment of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Medical therapy is palliative
condition is progressive
exercise restriction to minimize dynamic compression
Prednisone for inflammation
Surgical decompression: Dorsal laminectomy and stabilization with screw/pins or Ventral decompression
Poor prognosis in dogs with tetraplegia

94
Q

Atlanto-axial subluxation

A

dorsal displacement of the axis causing spinal cord compression

95
Q

What are the three mechanisms of Atlanto-axial subluxation?

A

Absence or hypoplasia of the odontoid process/dens
odontoid fracture between the dens and C2
Rupture of the ligamentous supports

96
Q

What breeds is Atlanto-axial subluxation common in?

A

Toy breeds or miniature breed 6-18 months of age

97
Q

Diagnosis of Atlanto-axial subluxation

A

Radiographs of the dens in ventrodorsal view

98
Q

Treatment of Atlanto-axial subluxation

A

Hemilaminectomy and immobilization by wires and screws

99
Q

Syringomyelia

A

fluid filled cavities in the parenchyma of the spinal cord as a result of abnormal CSF movement

100
Q

What breeds are Syringomyelia common in?

A

King Charles Spaniels and other small breeds

101
Q

What causes Syringomyelia to form?

A

Caudal occipital malformation syndrome Chiari type I malformation

102
Q

What causes Syringomyelia to form?

A

Caudal occipital malformation syndrome

103
Q

Clinical signs of Syringomyelia

A

Cerebellovestibular disease caused by the impaction in to the foramen magnum/herniation
neuropathic pain and spinal dysfunction caused by pressure of the syrinx on the dorsal horns
Face neck and shoulder scratching
head/neck pain
vocalization
vestibular signs
tetraparesis

104
Q

Treatment of Syringomyelia

A

Drugs to control the signs: Prednisone, gabapentin

105
Q

What are the clinical signs of myopathies

A

generalized weakness
exercise intolerance
stiff “plodding” gait

106
Q

What are the causes of infectious myopathies?

A

Toxoplasmosis
neosporosis
FELV
FIV

107
Q

What is the best way to diagnose Toxoplasma and Neospora?

A

Biopsies

108
Q

What are the 5 P’s of Prednisone?

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polphagia
Panting 
Pot belly
109
Q

What breed does Masticatory Myositis occur in?

A

large breed under 4 years old

110
Q

What are the clinical signs of Masticatory Myositis?

A

Swollen painful muscles
pain upon opening of the mouth
severe atrophy of the masticatory muscles

111
Q

Diagnosis of Masticatory Myositis?

A

serology or immunohistochemistry of muscle biopsies

112
Q

Treatment of Masticatory Myositis?

A

Prednisone

Azathioprine used with Prednisone for steroid sparing effect

113
Q

What breed is Extraocular myositis common in?

A

Golden Retrievers

114
Q

Extraocular myositis

A

myositis causing bilateral exophthalmus

115
Q

Treatment of Extraocular myositis?

A

Corticosteroid therapy

Prednisone

116
Q

What breed is exertional myopathy common in?

A

Grey hounds

117
Q

Diagnosis for exertional myopathy

A

elevated serum CK levels

118
Q

What is common of animal with exertional myopathy to die from?

A

Renal Failure

119
Q

What species is Hypokalemic myopathy common in?

A

Older Cats with renal disease

120
Q

What causes Hypokalemic myopathy?

A

diets deficient in potassium
acidifying diets
cats with hyperthyroidism
polyuria

121
Q

Clinical signs of Hypokalemic myopathy?

A

persistent ventroflexion of the neck

122
Q

Treatment of Hypokalemic myopathy

A

Oral potassium supplementation

123
Q

Clinical signs of Feline Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

A

pronounced cervical ventroflexion
painful muscles
weakness

124
Q

Treatment of Feline Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

A

Prednisone

125
Q

Limber Tail

A

Pointers, Labs, and other working breeds develop flaccid tail after a history of cage rest and a hard workout the day before or exposure to wet or cold weather

126
Q

Clinical signs of Dystrophic myopathies

A

bunny hopping
marked muscle atrophy with fibrosis
contracture of the tarsus at 6 weeks of age or earlier
kyphosis or lordosis
Progressive signs over the first 6 months of life

127
Q

What animals do you see Dystrophic myopathies in

A

young puppies - inherited disease

128
Q

Clincal signs of Exercise Intolerance and collapse (EIC) of Laboradors

A

Collapse after intense work/play
ataxia
rocking horse gait
collapse
Dog returns to normal after 5-25 mins of rest
Patellar reflexes are absent but return to normal

129
Q

What gene is Exercise Intolerance and collapse (EIC) of Laboradors associated with

A

DYNM-1

130
Q

Myotonia Congenita

A

sustained depolarization of muscle fibers

131
Q

Clinical Signs of Myotonia Congenita

A 
Dimpling of the muscle after percussion 
Stiff gait 
walk with difficulty 
CP responses are slow 
Clonic reflexes
132
Q

What breeds are Myotonia Congenita common in?

A

Chow Chow
Westies
Great Danes
Domestic Cats

133
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

inflammatory disease of the capillary walls in the skin

134
Q

Clinical signs of Dermatomyositis

A

Facial dermatitis
mild weakness
megaesophagus
Chronic waxing/waning course of clinical signs

135
Q

Treatment of Dermatomyositis

A

Pentoxyifylline

Topical treatment of dermatitis

136
Q

Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome

A

Intermittent rippling and twitching of the skin in cats

137
Q

Clinical signs of Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome

A 
excessive grooming
licking 
biting of areas 
vocalization 
growling 
hissing 
exaggerated tail motion 
frantic running and attacking inanimate objects and people
138
Q

Treatment of Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome

A

Prednisone

Phenobarbitone

139
Q

Congenital Myasthenia Gravis

A

motor end plate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are decreased

140
Q

Acquired Myasthenia Gravis

A

autoantibodies are produced against the Acetylcholine receptors

141
Q

Clinical Signs of Myasthenia Gravis

A

Muscle weakness
megaesophagus
facial, pharyngeal or laryngeal muscle weakness

142
Q

2 forms of Generalized Myasthenia Gravis

A

Acute fulminating generalized MG

Chronic fulminating generalized MG

143
Q

Clinical signs of Acute fulminating generalized MG

A

regurgitation due to megaesophagus
muscle weakness
respiratory distress
respiratory failure

144
Q

Clinical Signs of Chronic fulminating generalized MG

A

Megaesophagus

muscle weakness induced by exercise

145
Q

What do many cats with Myasthenia Gravis also have?

A

thymomas

146
Q

What test is used to detect Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Tensilon test

147
Q

What is the tensilon test used to diagnose?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

148
Q

What anticholinesterase agent is used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Edrophonium

149
Q

What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis?

A

anticholinesterase drugs: pyridostigmine or neostigmine

150
Q

What do dogs with Myasthenia Gravis usually die from?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

151
Q

Which type of Myasthenia Gravis has a poor prognosis?

A

Progressive Myasthenia Gravis

Acute fulminating Myasthenia Gravis

152
Q

Botulism

A

caused by ingestion of food contaminated with exotoxins from Clostridium botulinum which blocks acetylcholine release from presynaptic membranes at somatic and autonomic muscular junctions

153
Q

Clinical signs of Botulism

A

Hypo- or areflexia
hypotonia
megaesophagus
Repiratory paralysis

154
Q

What is a definitive diagnosis of Botulism?

A

exotoxin in the feces or serum

155
Q

What is the treatment for Botulism?

A

Supportive therapy

Neostigmine/Pyridostigmine

156
Q

What are the problems with using Botulism polvalent antisera?

A

very expensive and dangerous due to anaphylaxis

157
Q

Tick paralysis

A

blocking of conduction impulses along distal protions of motor nerves or inhibition of presynaptic release of acetylcholine at motor end plates

158
Q

Clinical signs of Tick Paralysis

A

mild paresis
tetraplegia
LMN signs

159
Q

When does recovery from Tick Paralysis begin?

A

8-12 hours after tick removal

160
Q

Tetanus

A

neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani migrates from peripheral nerves to the brain where it blocks inhibitory interneurons on spinal motor neurons

161
Q

Clinical signs of Tetanus

A 
Wrinkling of skin between the ears
pricking of ears
enophthalmos 
sardonic grin 
"saw" horse stance 
recumbent 
asphyxiate
162
Q

Treatment of Tetanus

A 
Penicillin 
Valium 
acepromazine 
Clean wounds with peroxide 
pentobarbital
163
Q

Coon hound paralysis (acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis)

A

raccoon bites causing changes in nerve antigenicity that results in inflammation, degeneration and demyelination of the ventral nerve roots

164
Q

Clinical signs of coon hound paralysis

A

ascending LMN paralysis

tetraplegia

165
Q

Diagnosis of Coonhound paralysis

A

clinical signs

EMG findings

166
Q

What two organisms cause Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?

A

Toxoplasma

Neospora

167
Q

Clinical signs of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?

A

progressive posterior paralysis

168
Q

Diagnosis of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?

A

Serology

Histopathology of muscle biopsies

169
Q

Treatment of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?

A

pyrimethamine

Trimethaprim-sulfadiazine

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions