Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropraxia

A

degeneration of the myelin sheath due to loss of blood supply, pressure from the weight of the animal during anesthesia, tourniquets etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Axonotmesis

A

degeneration of axons but the endoneurium and Schwann cells remain intact allowing regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurotmesis

A

complete severance of a nerve and degeneration of the distal portion and its Schwann cells
No regeneration can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

symptoms of Peripheral nerve injury

A

non- progressive LMN signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment of peripheral nerve injuries

A

glucocorticoids to decrease inflammation
protect the limb during recovery
decompress nerve surgically
Amputation after 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can occur with peripheral nerve injuries?

A

Self-mutilation due to abnormal sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brachial plexus avulsion

A

abduction of the front limb forcing it cranially or caudally resulting in avulsion of the nerve roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disruption of the nerve roots at C6-T1 leads to what signs?

A

denervation of the extensors and flexors of the elbow and carpus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disruption of the nerve roots at C6-C7

A

Denervation of the extensors and flexors of the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What reflex is lost with damage to the C6-T1?

A

Panniculus reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What syndrome develops from injury to T1 ventral nerve roots and the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?

A 
Horner's Syndrome: 
Miosis
ptosis
enophthalmos 
Protrusion of the membrana nictitans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for brachial plexus avulsion?

A

Protect the affect limb
Physiotherapy
Amputate after 6 months of no improvement
STEROIDS DO NOT HELP!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a predictor of recovery for brachial plexus avulsion?

A

deep pain response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs of a Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

Chronic progressive monoparesis
neurogenic muscle atrophy
hyperesthesia with limb palpation and manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you use to diagnose Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

CT scan
Myelogram
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment for Nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

Surgical resection

Amputation depending on the nerve affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do fibrocartilaginous emboli originate from?

A

the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do fibrocartilaginous emboli cause?

A

Ischemic myelopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What breed is fibrocartilaginous emboli common in?

A

Large breed dogs

Miniature Schnauzers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What aggravates/causes fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

vigorous exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is used to diagnose fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

MRI
CSF examination
Myelogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

Dexamethasone
Supportive therapy
cage rest
physio therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Degenerative myelopathy

A

degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths in the thoracolumbar spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the breeds affected by Degenerative Myelopathy?

A

Large breed dogs

GSDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the clinical signs of Degenerative Myelopathy?
Gradual loss (over 6-20 months) of voluntary motor functions and position sense Knuckling, dragging of the toes, crossing of legs dysmetria and ataxia of pelvic limbs muscle atrophy of pelvic limbs UMN hind limbs
26
What is the treatment for Degenerative Myelopathy?
None Supportive therapy physio therapy
27
Lumbosacral malarticulation malformation, cauda equina syndrome, lumbosacral stenosis, spondylolisthesis
forces generated by the hind limbs are transferred to the spinal column leading to Hansen type II degeneration of the L7/S1 disc and compression of the cauda equina Also causes the proliferation of the interarcuate ligaments and formation of osteophytes on articulation facets
28
What are the clinical signs of Cauda Equina syndrome?
Pain on palpation of the lumbosacral area LMN signs in the sciatic and pudendal nerves Difficulty rising and negotiating stairs
29
What are the tests used to diagnose Cauda Equina syndrome?
"Lordosis test" | "Tail Jack test"
30
What is used to diganose Cauda Equina syndrome?
``` Radiographs Myelography epidurography MRI CT scans ```
31
What is the treatment for Cauda Equina syndrome?
``` Cage Rest NSAIDs Dorsal Laminectomy Surgery to remove bone and ligaments putting pressure on the nerves Surgical stabilization Dorsolateral foramenotomy ```
32
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease
As the dog ages the gel-like nucleus pulposus degenerates and is replaced with cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartliage) Dorsal displacement of the nucleus pulposus can result in stretching of the dorsal ligament and spinal cord damage
33
What are the two types of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
Hansen Type I | Hansen Type II
34
Where is cauda equine syndrome seen in the vertebral column?
L7/S1
35
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Hansen Type 1
an explosive extrusion of nuclear pulposus material into the spinal canal through the annulus fibrosis
36
What breeds are more prone to Hansen Type 1?
Chrondrodystrophic breeds
37
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Hansen Type II
small tears appear in the annulus fibrosis and there is slow protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
38
What breeds are more prone to Hansen Type II
Large breed dogs
39
Where is calcification seen in cats?
upper cervical and mid-lumbar areas
40
What are the clinical signs of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
hyperesthesia paralysis anesthesia
41
What is the order of loss of function in Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
1. Conscious Proprioception 2. voluntary motor function 3. control of urination and defecation 4. superficial pain sensation 5. deep pain sensation
42
How do you diagnose Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
Myelography CT scan MRI imaging
43
How do you treat Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
depending on the clinical signs and severity Cage Rest NSAIDs Predisone NO STEROIDS!! Surgery: Dorsolateral hemilaminectomy and durotomy Physiotherapy
44
What are the Grades of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
Grades 1-5
45
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 1 neurological effects
Spinal hyperesthesia without neurological defects
46
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 2 neurological defects
Paresis but ambulatory
47
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 3 neurological defects
paresis but non-ambulatory
48
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 4 neurological defects
paralysis with deep pain sensation intact
49
Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease Grade 5 neurological defects
paralysis with no deep pain sensation
50
What treatment is recommended for all Grade 4 animals?
Surgery
51
What is the surgery of choice for a Grade 4 Thoracolumbar Intervertebral disk-disease?
Dorsolateral hemilaminectomy
52
Diskospondylitis
infection of the cartilaginous endplates
53
What are the most common agents causing Diskospondylitis?
S. Intermedius B. canis Streptococcus spp.
54
What are the clinical signs of Diskospondylitis?
``` hyperesthesia pyrexia depression weight loss Spinal cord signs due to compression ```
55
How do you diagnose Diskospondylitis?
Radiographs MRI Serology for B. canis on intact dogs
56
How do you treat Diskospondylitis?
analgesics antibiotics parenterally Treatment is usually 1 year long
57
What are the 4 types of neoplasia seen in the spine?
1. intramedullary 2. metastatic intramedullary 3. Intradural-extramedullary 4. extradural
58
What are the most common neoplasia of the spine?
Extradural: vertebral osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, multiple myeloma, hemangiosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma or metastases
59
What is the second most common tumor in dogs?
Hemangiosarcoma
60
What is the most common spinal cord neoplasia in cats?
Extradural lymphosarcoma
61
How does the Intramedullary tumor appear on the myelogram?
dye columns thin and diverge
62
How does the intradural-extramedullary tumor appear on the myelogram?
characteristic "golf-tee" sign
63
How does the extradural tumors appear on the myelogram?
cause one side of the dye column to deviate towards the lumen of the spinal cord
64
What is the treatment for a Meningioma?
resection
65
What is the treatment for neoplasia of the spine?
Resection if possible Radiation Chemo therapy
66
What are the clinical signs of vertebral fractures or luxations?
``` history of trauma spinal hyperesthesia decreased or absent voluntary motor activity misalignment of the spine Schiff-Sherrington ```
67
Schiff-Sherrington
stiff front legs (like tetanus) from a lesion in the spinal cord that knocks out the inhibitory neurons between the front and back legs leading to stiff front limbs
68
How do you diagnose vertebral fracture or luxation?
Radiographs | CT/MRI
69
How do you treat vertebral fracture or luxation?
Treat the shock or life threatening conditions Methylprednisolone succinate Mannitol once hypovolemia is corrected Surgery Cats: Splinting and confinement or dorsal hemilaminectomy and stabilization of the fracture
70
Hemivertebrae
Failures of the left and right center of ossification to fuse
71
Block or fused vertebrae
incomplete segmentation of two or more adjacent vertebrae
72
Spinal dysraphism
spinal cord does not close at the top
73
Sacrococcygeal dys/agenesis
no development of the tail/sacrum causing no nerves to the bladder or rectum causing incontinence
74
Spinal synovial cysts
multiple cervical cysts causing neck pain
75
Spondylosis deformans
vertebral osteophytes form spurs or complete bony bridges at intervertebral spaces
76
Old Dog Hind Limb Tremors
mild tremors seen in one or both hind limbs most obvious when the dog is standing or sitting/laying
77
Dancing Dobermans
Flexion of the pelvic limbs while standing | May lead to atrophy of the gastrocnemius
78
Where is Hansen Type I cervical disc extrusion seen in chondrodystrophic breeds?
C2/3 | Caudal to C4
79
Where is Hansen Type I seen in large breeds?
C3-4 C5/6 C6/7
80
Where is Hansen Type II cervical disc prolapse found in Dobermans and Rottweilers?
C6/7
81
What are the clinical signs of cervical disc disease?
``` Severe neck pain holding their heads in a fixed position Yelp in pain with minor movements will not eat unless food is elevated Neurological deficits due to spinal cord compression ```
82
How do you diagnose cervical disc disease?
Radiographs | Myelography
83
How do you treat cervical disc disease?
cage rest Prednisone with diazepam or methocarbamol Surgery: Ventral fenestration or ventral decompression
84
Common name for Cervical spondylomyelopathy
Canine Wobbler's
85
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
common condition characterized by compresison of the spinal cord in the caudal cervical area
86
What breeds are susceptible to Cervical spondylomyelopathy?
Large and Giant Breed dogs: Great Danes (3-18 months), Rottweilers, Mastiffs, and Mountain Dogs
87
What are the causes of Cervical spondylomyelopathy ?
1. congenital stenosis of the vertebral column 2. Hansen type II disk protrusion 3. hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum 4. boney proliferation of articular processes
88
Tipping
bony changes of the dorsal lamina or craniodorsal ridges of the vertebral body
89
Cervical spondylomyelopathy Hansen Type II disk protrusion
hypertrophied dorsal annulus compresses the ventral aspect of the spinal cord at C5-6 or C6-7
90
What are the factors leading to Cervical spondylomyelopathy?
``` Genetics Congenital spinal canal stenosis Over-nutrition Rapid Growth Abnormal stresses/motility in synovial joints Hypercalcitonin ```
91
Clinical signs of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?
``` Cervical Hyperesthesia neck guarding low-neck posture Paresis in the pelvic limbs hypometria (stiff gait) in the front limbs ```
92
Diagnosis of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?
Radiographs Myelography MRI
93
Treatment of Cervical spondylomyelopathy?
Medical therapy is palliative condition is progressive exercise restriction to minimize dynamic compression Prednisone for inflammation Surgical decompression: Dorsal laminectomy and stabilization with screw/pins or Ventral decompression Poor prognosis in dogs with tetraplegia
94
Atlanto-axial subluxation
dorsal displacement of the axis causing spinal cord compression
95
What are the three mechanisms of Atlanto-axial subluxation?
Absence or hypoplasia of the odontoid process/dens odontoid fracture between the dens and C2 Rupture of the ligamentous supports
96
What breeds is Atlanto-axial subluxation common in?
Toy breeds or miniature breed 6-18 months of age
97
Diagnosis of Atlanto-axial subluxation
Radiographs of the dens in ventrodorsal view
98
Treatment of Atlanto-axial subluxation
Hemilaminectomy and immobilization by wires and screws
99
Syringomyelia
fluid filled cavities in the parenchyma of the spinal cord as a result of abnormal CSF movement
100
What breeds are Syringomyelia common in?
King Charles Spaniels and other small breeds
101
What causes Syringomyelia to form?
Caudal occipital malformation syndrome Chiari type I malformation
102
What causes Syringomyelia to form?
Caudal occipital malformation syndrome
103
Clinical signs of Syringomyelia
Cerebellovestibular disease caused by the impaction in to the foramen magnum/herniation neuropathic pain and spinal dysfunction caused by pressure of the syrinx on the dorsal horns Face neck and shoulder scratching head/neck pain vocalization vestibular signs tetraparesis
104
Treatment of Syringomyelia
Drugs to control the signs: Prednisone, gabapentin
105
What are the clinical signs of myopathies
generalized weakness exercise intolerance stiff "plodding" gait
106
What are the causes of infectious myopathies?
Toxoplasmosis neosporosis FELV FIV
107
What is the best way to diagnose Toxoplasma and Neospora?
Biopsies
108
What are the 5 P's of Prednisone?
``` Polyuria Polydipsia Polphagia Panting Pot belly ```
109
What breed does Masticatory Myositis occur in?
large breed under 4 years old
110
What are the clinical signs of Masticatory Myositis?
Swollen painful muscles pain upon opening of the mouth severe atrophy of the masticatory muscles
111
Diagnosis of Masticatory Myositis?
serology or immunohistochemistry of muscle biopsies
112
Treatment of Masticatory Myositis?
Prednisone | Azathioprine used with Prednisone for steroid sparing effect
113
What breed is Extraocular myositis common in?
Golden Retrievers
114
Extraocular myositis
myositis causing bilateral exophthalmus
115
Treatment of Extraocular myositis?
Corticosteroid therapy | Prednisone
116
What breed is exertional myopathy common in?
Grey hounds
117
Diagnosis for exertional myopathy
elevated serum CK levels
118
What is common of animal with exertional myopathy to die from?
Renal Failure
119
What species is Hypokalemic myopathy common in?
Older Cats with renal disease
120
What causes Hypokalemic myopathy?
diets deficient in potassium acidifying diets cats with hyperthyroidism polyuria
121
Clinical signs of Hypokalemic myopathy?
persistent ventroflexion of the neck
122
Treatment of Hypokalemic myopathy
Oral potassium supplementation
123
Clinical signs of Feline Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
pronounced cervical ventroflexion painful muscles weakness
124
Treatment of Feline Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Prednisone
125
Limber Tail
Pointers, Labs, and other working breeds develop flaccid tail after a history of cage rest and a hard workout the day before or exposure to wet or cold weather
126
Clinical signs of Dystrophic myopathies
bunny hopping marked muscle atrophy with fibrosis contracture of the tarsus at 6 weeks of age or earlier kyphosis or lordosis Progressive signs over the first 6 months of life
127
What animals do you see Dystrophic myopathies in
young puppies - inherited disease
128
Clincal signs of Exercise Intolerance and collapse (EIC) of Laboradors
Collapse after intense work/play ataxia rocking horse gait collapse Dog returns to normal after 5-25 mins of rest Patellar reflexes are absent but return to normal
129
What gene is Exercise Intolerance and collapse (EIC) of Laboradors associated with
DYNM-1
130
Myotonia Congenita
sustained depolarization of muscle fibers
131
Clinical Signs of Myotonia Congenita
``` Dimpling of the muscle after percussion Stiff gait walk with difficulty CP responses are slow Clonic reflexes ```
132
What breeds are Myotonia Congenita common in?
Chow Chow Westies Great Danes Domestic Cats
133
Dermatomyositis
inflammatory disease of the capillary walls in the skin
134
Clinical signs of Dermatomyositis
Facial dermatitis mild weakness megaesophagus Chronic waxing/waning course of clinical signs
135
Treatment of Dermatomyositis
Pentoxyifylline | Topical treatment of dermatitis
136
Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome
Intermittent rippling and twitching of the skin in cats
137
Clinical signs of Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome
``` excessive grooming licking biting of areas vocalization growling hissing exaggerated tail motion frantic running and attacking inanimate objects and people ```
138
Treatment of Feline hyperesthesia Syndrome
Prednisone | Phenobarbitone
139
Congenital Myasthenia Gravis
motor end plate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are decreased
140
Acquired Myasthenia Gravis
autoantibodies are produced against the Acetylcholine receptors
141
Clinical Signs of Myasthenia Gravis
Muscle weakness megaesophagus facial, pharyngeal or laryngeal muscle weakness
142
2 forms of Generalized Myasthenia Gravis
Acute fulminating generalized MG | Chronic fulminating generalized MG
143
Clinical signs of Acute fulminating generalized MG
regurgitation due to megaesophagus muscle weakness respiratory distress respiratory failure
144
Clinical Signs of Chronic fulminating generalized MG
Megaesophagus | muscle weakness induced by exercise
145
What do many cats with Myasthenia Gravis also have?
thymomas
146
What test is used to detect Myasthenia Gravis?
Tensilon test
147
What is the tensilon test used to diagnose?
Myasthenia Gravis
148
What anticholinesterase agent is used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?
Edrophonium
149
What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis?
anticholinesterase drugs: pyridostigmine or neostigmine
150
What do dogs with Myasthenia Gravis usually die from?
Aspiration pneumonia
151
Which type of Myasthenia Gravis has a poor prognosis?
Progressive Myasthenia Gravis | Acute fulminating Myasthenia Gravis
152
Botulism
caused by ingestion of food contaminated with exotoxins from Clostridium botulinum which blocks acetylcholine release from presynaptic membranes at somatic and autonomic muscular junctions
153
Clinical signs of Botulism
Hypo- or areflexia hypotonia megaesophagus Repiratory paralysis
154
What is a definitive diagnosis of Botulism?
exotoxin in the feces or serum
155
What is the treatment for Botulism?
Supportive therapy | Neostigmine/Pyridostigmine
156
What are the problems with using Botulism polvalent antisera?
very expensive and dangerous due to anaphylaxis
157
Tick paralysis
blocking of conduction impulses along distal protions of motor nerves or inhibition of presynaptic release of acetylcholine at motor end plates
158
Clinical signs of Tick Paralysis
mild paresis tetraplegia LMN signs
159
When does recovery from Tick Paralysis begin?
8-12 hours after tick removal
160
Tetanus
neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani migrates from peripheral nerves to the brain where it blocks inhibitory interneurons on spinal motor neurons
161
Clinical signs of Tetanus
``` Wrinkling of skin between the ears pricking of ears enophthalmos sardonic grin "saw" horse stance recumbent asphyxiate ```
162
Treatment of Tetanus
``` Penicillin Valium acepromazine Clean wounds with peroxide pentobarbital ```
163
Coon hound paralysis (acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis)
raccoon bites causing changes in nerve antigenicity that results in inflammation, degeneration and demyelination of the ventral nerve roots
164
Clinical signs of coon hound paralysis
ascending LMN paralysis | tetraplegia
165
Diagnosis of Coonhound paralysis
clinical signs | EMG findings
166
What two organisms cause Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?
Toxoplasma | Neospora
167
Clinical signs of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?
progressive posterior paralysis
168
Diagnosis of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?
Serology | Histopathology of muscle biopsies
169
Treatment of Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis?
pyrimethamine | Trimethaprim-sulfadiazine

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions