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RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bacteria is Salmonella?

A

gram negative

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2
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

Raw Chicken
Poultry consumption
Raw pet food diets

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of Salmonella?

A 
Mild to severe gastroenteritis
Vomiting 
Diarrhea - watery to mucoid to hematochezia
hypovolemia
septic shock 
Neutropenia
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4
Q

Hematochezia

A

undigested bloody stool from the colon

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5
Q

How do you diagnose Salmonella?

A

Fecal culture

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6
Q

How do you treat Salmonella?

A

Chloramphenicol
Trimethoprim sulphonamide
amoxicillin
ampicillin

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7
Q

Campylobacter

A

gram negative curved slender motile rod

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs for Campylobacter?

A 
Large bowel diarrhea
Mucous 
tenesmus
hematochezia
Elevated temperature
Leukocytosis
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9
Q

Tenesmus

A

straining to defecate

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10
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter?

A

Microscopic examinaations: curved gull wing shaped
Culture
PCR

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11
Q

How do you treat Campylobacter?

A

Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Cephalosporins
enrofloxacin

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12
Q

Helicobacter

A

Gram negative curved spiral bacterium

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13
Q

Where are Helicobacter located?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Helicobacter?

A 
Chronic gastritis
Chronic vomiting
weight loss
emaciation 
diarrhea
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15
Q

How do you diagnose Helicobacter?

A

Gastric biopsies
Culture
PCR
EM and Molecular evaluation

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16
Q

How do you treat Helicobacter?

A

Triple therapy - 2 antibiotics and an antacid
Amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazole
Amoxicillin, metronidazole and famotidine

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17
Q

Brucella Canis

A

gram negative aerobic coccobacillary oragnism

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18
Q

How is Brucella transmitted?

A 
aborted fetal material
semen
urine
milk
orally 
conjunctivally 
Penetrates the mucous membranes and enters lymphoreticular system, persists intracellularly.
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19
Q

Where do you find the highest concentrations of Brucella?

A

vaginal discharge

Semen

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brucellosis?

A 
Bacteremia
lymphadenopathy 
transient fevers
seizures
enlarged scrotum 
epididymitis
infertility 
testicular atrophy 
Infertility, abortion and stillborn pups in females
Discospondylitis 
Chorioretinitis
optic neuritis
anterior uveitis
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21
Q

How do you diagnose Brucellosis?

A 
Hematology: Leukocytosis 
Hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbuminema 
CSF: neutrophilic pleocytosis with increased protein levels
Serology 
Rapid Slide agglutination test (RSAT) 
Tube agglutination test (TAT) 
AGID
ELISA
PCR
Culture aborted tissues or blood
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22
Q

How long do titers stay positive with Brucellosis?

A

up to 3 years

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23
Q

What is the treatment for Brucellosis?

A

Sterilize all infected animals

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24
Q

Actinomyces and Nocardia spp.

A

Gram positive bacteria

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25
What is Actinomyces associated with?
``` Anaerobic infections foreign body migrations pyothorax peritonitis bite wounds draining tracts/wounds with yellow granules ```
26
What is Nocardia associated with?
Wounds and pyothorax
27
How do you diagnose Actinomyces and Nocardia?
Cytology and culture
28
What is the treatment for Actinomyces and Nocardia?
Surgical drainage and debridement
29
What antibiotics are used for Actinomyces?
Penicillins for 4 weeks
30
What antibiotics are used for Nocardia?
Trimethroprim sulphonamides for 6 weeks
31
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete, thin elongated spiral shaped bacteria
32
What is the host for Borrelia burgdorferi?
Deer tick | Western Black legged tick
33
How long does the tick have to attached to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi?
48-50 hours
34
What does Borrelia burgdorferi contain?
Outer surface protein A | Outer Surface protein C
35
Outer protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi
Help the bacterium adhere to the midgut of infected ticks
36
Outer protein C of Borrelia burgdorferi
Attaches the bacterium to the hosts skin
37
Characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi
can morph from spiral/corkscrew shape to spherical/cystic form Highly motile due to flagella
38
Where does Borrelia burgdorferi sequester?
Joints Fibroblasts astrocytes
39
Clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi
``` Small red lesions on skin Fever Shifting leg lameness Renal disease meningitis rheumatoid arthritis ```
40
How long does it take for the clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi to appear?
2-5 months
41
What is the most common clinical sign of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Non-erosive polyarthritis
42
What is used to diagnose non-erosive poly arthritis of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Joint fluid aspiration cytology - increased neutrophils and proteins
43
What are the clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi?
``` V/D Weight loss PU/PD peripheral edema ascites ```
44
What laboratory findings are associated with Borrelia burgdorferi?
``` Non-reg anemia stress leukogram Thrombocytopenia Azotemia low albumin level hypercholesterolemia hyperphosphatemia Urinanalysis: proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, bilirubinuria, and active sediment ```
45
What test is used for Borrelia burgdorferi?
C6 Antibody test
46
Do we treat the dog that tests positive on the C6 snap test and has clinical signs?
Yes
47
Do we treat the dog that tests positive on the C6 snap test and has no clinical signs?
Controversial
48
What is the treatment of choice for Borrelia burgdorferi?
Doxycycline for 30 days
49
How do you prevent Borrelia burgdorferi?
Proper effective tick prevention medication | Vaccinations - 24 weeks apart starting at 12 weeks of age then an annual booster
50
What are the human clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Erythematous rash | Musculoskeletal/ neurological or cardiovascular disease
51
What are the most common infections in dogs of Leptospirosis?
L. canicola L. icterohaemorrhagiae L. grippotyphosa
52
How is Leptospirosis transmitted?
Direct through infected urine, venereal and placental transfer, bite wounds, or ingestion of infected tissue Indirect from contaminated water or food or soil
53
What is the environment for Leptospirosis?
Slow moving warm water Soil pH neutral or slightly alkaline Urine with higher pH Ambient temperatures of 0C to 25C
54
What is the pathogenesis of Leptospirosis?
Transmitted through mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin or by fomites
55
What is the incubation of Leptospirosis?
3-7 days
56
Where does Leptospirosis spread to?
``` Kidney Spleen CNS eyes genital tract ```
57
What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?
``` Fever Tachypnea rapid irregular pulse vascular collapse Petechiae Hematemesis hematochezia melena epistaxis Icterus Intestinal intussusception Oliguria/anuria Anorexia Vomiting ```
58
Hematemesis
vomiting blood
59
Hematochezia
bloody stool
60
Melena
digested bloody black stool
61
Epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
62
How do you diagnose Leptospirosis?
``` Hematology Thoracic radiographs Abdominal Ultrasound Serology: Microscopic agglutination test (repeat sample 2-4 weeks later for titre) PCR Bacterial culture renal biopsy ```
63
What do you see on Thoracic radiographs with Leptospirosis?
Nodular opacities
64
What do you see on Abdominal Ultrasound with Leptospirosis?
``` kidneys enlarged medullary band of increased echogenicity pyelectasia increassed cortical echogenicity mild perianal fluid accumulation ```
65
What do you find on hematology for Leptospirosis?
decrease in platelets and neutrophils, and RBCs | Hepatic/renal disease
66
What do you find on Urinanalysis for Leptospirosis?
``` proteinuria glucosuria bilirubinuria pyuria hematuria granular casts ```
67
Pyelectasia
Enlargement of the pelvis of the kidney
68
What is the treatment for Leptospirosis?
``` Supportive Care: Urinary catheter Replacement fluids Anti emetics gastric protectants Plasma/ Fresh whole blood Diuresis for acute renal failure Doxycycline Penicillin G Ampicillin ```
69
Clostridium botulinum
Gram positive | Straight or slightly curved motile anaerobic rods
70
What causes botulism?
ingestion of a preformed toxin
71
What does botulinal toxin cause?
LMN disease/paralysis
72
What is the mechanism of action of Clostridium botulinum?
Prevent presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
73
What are the clinical signs of Clostridium botulinum?
``` Weakness Flaccid paralysis Autonomic dysfunction Progressive symmetrical ascending paralysis Mydriasis decreased gag reflex excess salivation diminished palpebral reflexes weak vocalisation Constipation Urinary retention ```
74
What is the incubation period of Clostridium botulinum?
hours to 6 days
75
How do you diagnose Clostridium botulinum?
EMG (electromyography) | toxin in serum, feces, vomitus, or stomach contents
76
How do you treat Clostridium Botulinum?
Supportive care Metronidazole Penicillins
77
How do you prevent clostridium botulinum?
Heat food | vaccination against toxins
78
Clostridium tetani
Gram positive motile anaerobic spore producing bacterium
79
What are the two toxins of clostridium tetani?
Tetanoleptin | Tetanospasmin
80
Tetanoleptin
causes hemolysis of erythrocytes
81
Tetanospasmin
causes neurological dysfunction but inhibiting the motor neurons
82
How does clostridium tetani toxin work?
the toxin migrates up the motor nerves, and can enter the spinal cord and ascends into the brain. It also affects the cranial nerves. The toxin inhibits the release of 1. glycine and 2. gamma-aminobutyric acid
83
What are the clinical signs of clostridium tetani?
``` Ear drawn back Sardonic grin Trismus (lock jaw) Salivation Dysphagia Gait - ambulatory but rigid Progresses to opisthotonus, convulsions, and respiratory compromise leading to death ```
84
What are the clinical findings associated with clostridium tetani?
``` Leukocytosis LS neutrophilia Tachyarrhthmia Bradyarrhythmia Megaoesophagus ```
85
What is the treatment for clostridium tetani?
``` Supportive care Antitoxin IM Antibiotics - Metranidazole, Penicillin G, and tetracyclin Sedatives Muscle relaxants Autonomic agents Surgery and wound management Nursing care ```
86
What tick transmits Mycoplasma haemocanis?
Brown tick - Rhipicephalus sanguineus
87
How do you diagnose Mycoplasma haemocanis?
PCR | organism on blood smear
88
How do you treat Mycoplasma haemocanis?
Doxycycline
89
What is required before clinical signs develop for Mycoplasma haemocanis?
Splenectomy
90
How is Canine Bartonella transmitted?
Dog bites fleas cat scratches
91
How do you diagnose Canine Bartonella?
Serology | Bacterial Isolation - PCR
92
What is the treatment for Canine Bartonella?
Doxycycline Enrofloxacin Azithromycin rifampin
93
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsia
94
Monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia canis | E. chaffeensis
95
Granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis
E. ewingii
96
Granulocytotrophic anaplasmosis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
97
Thrombocytotropic anaplasmosis
A. platys
98
Salmon poisoning
Neorickettsia helminthoeca
99
What is the pathophysiology for Rickettsia?
Rickettsiae enter the blood, replicate in the endothelial cells leading to result in vascular damage and increased vascular permeability and leakage of fluid
100
What are the clinical signs of Rickettsia?
``` Petechiation bleeding internally and externally lameness thrombocytopenia hypoalbuminemia ```
101
What is the vector for E. canis and E. chaffeensis?
Rhicephalus spp. Amblyomma americanum
102
What cells do E. canis and E. chaffeensis infect?
Mononuclear cells in phagocytic tissues
103
What cells do A. equi or A. ewingii infect?
neutrophils
104
What is the vector for A. phagocytophilum?
Ixodes spp.
105
What are the clinical signs of A. equi and A. ewingii?
Lameness Fever Joint swelling pain
106
What is the vector for A. platys?
Rhicephalus and Dermacentor spp.
107
What cells do A. platys infect?
Platelets
108
What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Dermacenter variabilis
109
How do you diagnose Rickettsial disease?
Blood smear/cytology Serology PCR
110
What are the Clinical findings for Rickettsial disease?
``` Hematology: Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia lymphocytosis Anemia Hypoalbuminemia hyperglobulinemia Proteinuria ```
111
What are the CV signs of Rickettsia?
AV blocks tachycardia arrhythmias
112
What are the CNS signs of Rickettsia?
vestibular cerebellar signs coma paralysis
113
What are the Ocular signs of Rickettsia?
Hemorrhage
114
What are the Renal signs of Rickettsia?
Azotemia
115
What are the Pulmonary signs of Rickettsia?
edema
116
What are the GI signs of Rickettsia?
vomiting diarrhea melena
117
What are the Integument signs of Rickettsia?
petechial bleeds
118
What is the treatment for Rickettsia?
Doxycycline
119
What is the prevention for Rickettsia?
Tick control
120
How is Neorickettsia helminthoeca transmitted?
ingestion of fish with a fluke containing rickettsia
121
Where do you find Neorickettsia?
WA OR CA
122
What are the clinical signs of Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
``` Fever serous to purulent ocular discharge lymphadenopathy splenomegaly periorbital edema vomiting diarrhea ```
123
How do you diagnose Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
Fluke eggs in feces | FNA of lymph nodes with rickettsial inclusions
124
How do you treat Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
Supportive care | Tetracycline/doxycycline
125
What is the pathogenesis of Canine Distemper Virus?
Water droplets ender the upper respiratory tract epithelium and multiplies in the tissue macrophages which spreads to local lymphatics in tonsils and bronchial lymph nodes. After 4-6 days virus multiplication occurs in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and gut associated lymphatic tissue of the lamina propria of the stomach and small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes and Kupfer cells in the liver
126
Humoral immune system
antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
127
Cell mediated immune system
mediated by T lymphocytes
128
Where does Canine Distemper Virus spread to?
``` skin exocrine and endocrine glands epithelium of the GI tract Respiratory tract Genitourinary tract ```
129
What are the clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus?
``` Listlessness Bilateral serous oculonasal discharge Biphasic pyrexia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Diarrhea Vesicles and pustules of the skin Nasal and digital hyperkeratosis Respiratory Signs: Tachypnea Neurological signs: Seizures, meningeal inflammation, Myoclonus ```
130
How do you diagnose Canine Distemper Virus?
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in RBCs MRI Serology CSF tap: Anti-CDV antibody, increase in protein count PCR Serum ANTIBODY testing
131
What is the gold standard test for Canine Distemper Virus?
Neutralising antibodies
132
What is the treatment for Canine Distemper Virus?
Supportive- antibiotics and steroids to reduce CNS edema | Seizure medication
133
What is the prognosis for Canine Distemper Virus?
Poor
134
How do you prevent Canine Distemper Virus?
Vaccination
135
What are the different types of Vaccination of Canine Distemper Virus?
Non-living antigen vaccine Vector vaccine Modified live vaccine
136
What is the most common vaccine used for Canine Distemper Virus?
Modified live vaccine
137
What vaccine protects naive pups from Canine Distemper Virus?
Vector vaccine
138
What vaccine causes adverse reactions?
Canine Distemper Virus vaccine
139
How often do you have to vaccinate for Canine Distemper Virus?
every 3 years
140
What virus is highly resistant to the environment in dogs?
Canine Adenovirus-type 1
141
What cleaning methods are effective for Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
steam cleaning iodine phenol sodium hydroxide
142
Where is Canine Adenovirus-type 1 found on day 10-14?
Kidneys
143
What is the pathogenesis of Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
Oronasal exposure and multiplication in tonsils spreading to the lymphnodes and lymphatics leading to severe viremia spreading to Hepatic parenchyma cells, vascular endothelium and CNS
144
What are the clinical signs of Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
``` Pyrexia tachycardia tonsillar enlargment lymphadenopathy hemorrhagic diathesis Corneal edema anterior uveitis ```
145
What are the clinical findings for Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
``` Leukopenia lymphopenia neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Hyperglobulinemia Increased ALT, AST, and ALP Coagulopathy abnormalities Urinanalysis: Proteinuria ```
146
How do you diagnose Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
Abdominal paracenteses abdominocentesis Serology: very high titres after infection Pathology: Swollen liver and mottled, multiple ecchymotic hemorrhages
147
What is the treatment for Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
Supportive
148
How do you prevent Canine Adenovirus-type 1?
Vaccination - Modified Live Vaccine
149
Where do you find Canine Parvovirus?
rapidly dividing cells from replication
150
What is the signalment for Canine Parvovirus?
6weeks to 6 months
151
What is the incubation period of Canine Parvovirus?
1-5 days
152
What are the clinical signs of Canine Parvovirus?
``` GI tract vomiting diarrhea anorexia severe dehydration Bone marrow severe leukopenia ```
153
What are the clinical findings associated with Canine Parvovirus?
Leukopenia Hemorrhagic enteritis necrosis of the crypt epithelium in SI
154
How do you diagnose Canine Parvovirus?
Fecal ELISA Fecal PCR Serology EM of feces
155
What is the only good way to detect immunity in vaccinated animals?
Serology
156
What is the treatment for Canine Parvovirus?
Restore fluids and electrolytes Antiemetic agents FOOD, FOOD, FOOD gastric protectants
157
How do you prevent Canine Parvovirus?
Vaccinations: Modified Live
158
What is the duration of immunity for Canine Parvovirus vaccine?
3-7 years
159
How long does Canine Parvovirus persist in the environment?
greater than 5 months
160
What is the incubation of Canine Coronavirus?
1-4 days
161
What are the clinical signs of Canine Coronavirus?
``` Enteric: orange colored feces malodorous and infrequently contain blood Loss of appetite lethargy Pantropic: anorexia vomiting hemorrhagic diarrhea leukopenia neurologic signs respiratory difficulty ```
162
What are the two types of Canine Coronavirus?
Enteric | Pantropic
163
How do you diagnose Canine Coronavirus?
EM of fresh feces Fecal PCR Serum VN ELISA
164
What is the treatment for Canine Coronavirus?
Supportive care | Vaccinations: Modified Live vaccines
165
What is the signalment for Canine Rotavirus?
younger than 12 weeks
166
What are the clinical signs of Canine Rotavirus?
Mild diarrhea
167
How do you diagnose Canine Rotavirus?
Fecal ELISA for rotavirus antigen
168
What is the treatment for Canine Rotavirus?
Supportive care
169
Cytocidal
causing tissue necrosis and localised mucosal or generalized infections in young or immunocompromised animals
170
What is the pathogenesis for Canine Herpes Virus?
infected in utero from passage through the birth canal and contact with litter mates from oronasal secretions from dam or through fomites
171
If the animal is infected at less than 1 week of age with Canine Herpes Virus
Fatal generalized infection
172
If the animal is infected at greater than 2 weeks of age with Canine Herpes Virus
mild or inapparent infection
173
Where does Canine Herpes Virus replicate in older animals?
``` nasopharynx genital tract tonsils retropharyngeal lymph nodes bronchial lymph nodes conjunctival tissue lungs ```
174
What are the clinical signs of Canine Herpes Virus?
Mild or inapparent upper respiratory infection petechiae abortions stillbirths multifocal ecchymotic hemorrhagic necrosis vesicle lesions DIC thrombocytopenia Neonates: Acute death, Dull, weight loss, depressed, loose interest in feeding, pass soft stools, Petechial hemorrhages on mucous membranes
175
How do you diagnose Canine Herpes Virus?
Viral isolation Serology PCR
176
What is the most reliable test for Canine Herpes Virus?
PCR
177
What is the treatment for Canine Herpes Virus in neonates?
Noting - rapid and fatal
178
What is the prevention for Canine Herpes Virus?
Vaccination
179
How is Rabies virus transmitted?
bite from an infected animal carried in the saliva
180
What is the pathogenesis of Rabies?
virus enters peripheral nerve and ascends through the sensory or motor fibre
181
What is the time frame for CNS signs of Rabies?
3-8 weeks post infection
182
What are the clinical signs of Rabies Virus?
Prodromal phase: Apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude Furious/psychotic type: Increased response, bite at objects, photophobic, hyperesthesia Paralytic/dumb phase: Cranial nerve paralysis, hypersalivation, inability to swallow, paraperesis, incoordination, Ascending flaccid paralysis
183
How do you diagnose Rabies Virus?
FA testing testing of saliva for virus Serology PCR
184
What is the treatment for Rabies Virus?
NONE
185
How do you prevent Rabies Virus?
Killed vaccines: Parental modified live vaccinations | Vaccinate at 16 weeks, revaccinate at 1 year then every 3 years
186
If animal is exposed unvaccinated what is the outcome?
euthanise
187
If an animal is exposed and vaccinated but not current
evaluate on case by case
188
If an animal is exposed and vaccinated and current
revaccinate immediately and monitor closely for 45 days
189
Pseudorabies
Porcine herpesvirus 1
190
What are the common names for Porcine Herpes Virus 1?
Pseudorabies Aujesky's disease Mad itch Infectious bulbar paralysis
191
How is Porcine Herpes Virus 1 transmitted?
Contaminated Pork products
192
What is the incubation period for Porcine Herpes Virus 1?
3-6 days
193
What are the clinical signs of Porcine Herpes Virus 1?
``` ALWAYS FATAL Self mutilation Trismus paresis paralysis of facial muscles difficulty in swallowing Aggressiveness head pressing convulsions ```
194
How do you diagnose Porcine Herpes Virus 1?
CSF - increased proteins FA testing for antigen or various tissues PCR
195
How do you treat Porcine Herpes Virus 1?
Prevention - keep away from raw pork products, vaccination in endemic areas only
196
What are the two forms of Giardia?
Trophozoite | Cyst
197
Trophozoite of Giardia
motile, active form
198
Cyst form of Giardia
resistant stage contains two incompletely separated trophozoites
199
How is Giardia released from the cyst?
excyst with help of gastric acid and pancreatic enzymes
200
What happens when Giardia is released from the cyst?
Two trophozoites separate, mature and attach to the brush border of villous epithelium - duodenum to ileum in dogs and jejunum to ileum in cats
201
What are the clinical signs for Giardia?
Diarrhea/maldigestion - malabsorption
202
How do you diagnose Giardia?
Fecal microscopy Fecal concentration techniques - identify cysts Fecal ELISA test - antigen in feces PCR
203
What is the treatment for Giardia?
Fenbendazole Metronidazole Nitazoxinide
204
How do you prevent Giardia?
Decontaminate environment Treat affected animals Clean cysts off coats Prevent re-introduction of infection
205
How is Cryptosporidium spp transmitted?
Fecal-oral route
206
What is the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidum spp?
Oocytes excyst and release sporozoites to become trophozoites which proliferate on microvillous surface of enterocytes
207
What are the clinical signs of Cryptosporidum spp?
Small bowel diarrhea weight loss Chronic cases: tenesmus, hematochezia, abdominal discomfort
208
How do you diagnose Cryptosporidum spp?
``` Fecal microscopic examination Concentration techniques Cytological and histological staining using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain Immunostaining Fecal antigen detection by ELISA PCR Intestinal biopsies ```
209
What is the treatment for Cryptosporidum spp?
No specific treatment Azithromycin Nitazoxanide
210
What happens with Isospora in immunosuppressed young animals?
Leads to intestinal infection
211
What are the clinical signs of Isospora spp.?
Diarrhea Anorexia vomiting mental depression
212
How do you diagnose Coccidiosis?
Fecal flotation
213
What is the treatment for Coccidiosis?
Sulfonamides Amprolium Toltrazuril/diclazuril
214
How do you prevent Coccidiosis?
Clean kennels | remove feces daily
215
What age is mostly affected by Neospora caninum?
Young Puppies
216
What are the clinical signs of Neospora caninum?
Neurological deficits Muscular abnormalities Hepatic, pulmonary, and myocardial involvement
217
What are the clinical signs of Neosporum caninum in puppies less than 6 months?
Muscle atrophy stiffness ascending paralysis scar formation in muscles/myositis
218
What are the clinical signs of Neospora caninum in dogs greater than 6 months of age?
Multifocal CNS involvement with or without Polymyositis, myocarditis, dermatitis, pneumonia
219
How do you diagnose Neospora caninum?
Biochem: CK, AST increased Serology: Antibody testing (ELISA, indirect FA, immunoprecipitation) Check CSF
220
What is the treatment for Neospora caninum?
Trimethoprim sulfonamides - 4-8 weeks | Clindamycin - 4-8 weeks
221
How is Leishmania spp. transmitted?
Sand fly | in utero transmission
222
What is the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
progmastigotes transferred from sand fly saliva into vertebrates skin. Phagocytosed by macrophages in which they undergo multiplication as amastigotes away from immune system, cell is lysed and these are released.
223
What test is the most sensitive for Leishmania?
PCR
224
How long does it take for IgG to develop for Leishmania?
2-4 weeks
225
What is the therapy for Leishmania?
``` Difficult Meglumine antimoniate Allopurinol Multefosine Liposomal amphotericin B ```
226
What transmits Hepatozoon americanum?
Transmitted by dog predation on wild rodents and rabbits harboring the tissue cyst stage or a vector
227
What is the vector or Hepatozoon americanum?
Amblyomma maculatum
228
What is the vector for Hepatozoon canis?
Rhipicephalus tick | Amblyomma tick
229
What animals are usually infected with H. americanum?
young immunocompromised animals
230
What are the clinical signs of H. americanum?
``` pyrexia cachexia pain lymphadenopathy diarrhea paraparesis lameness ```
231
What are the clinical findings for H. americanum?
Leukocytosis with gametocytes or gamonts inside monocytes Reduced albumin increased phosphorus and ALP decreased glucose
232
How do you diagnose H. americanum?
Radiographs | PCR
233
What is the treatment for H. americanum?
NSAIDs for the pain | No treatment
234
What Hemoprotozoan infects erythrocytes?
Babesiosis
235
What does B. vogeli cause?
Hemolytic anemia | Thrombocytopenia
236
What is the treatment for B. vogeli?
Imidocarb diproprionate - repeat in 2 weeks
237
How is B. gibsoni transmitted?
dog fights
238
What are the clinical signs of B. gibsoni?
Hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia vasculitis fever
239
What is the treatment for B. gibsoni?
Clindamycin diminazene imidocarb combinations
240
How do you diagnose Babesiosis?
Blood smear | PCR
241
What color tube do you use for Babesiosis collection?
Purple top
242
What is the most common bacterial infection of cats?
B. henselae
243
Bartonella spp.
Small curved gram negative hemotropic rods
244
What environment is Bartonella common in?
Warm humid areas
245
How is Bartonella transmitted in cats?
Fleas
246
What is the vector for Bartonella in cats?
Ctenocephalides felis
247
In what cat patients is Bacteremia more severe?
Cats coinfected with FeLV, FIV, or FPV
248
What type of bacteria are Bartonella spp.?
intracellular
249
In what cells is Bartonella found?
Erythrocytes
250
What are the clinical signs of Bartonella in cats?
Lymphadenopathy Transient fever lethargy anorexia
251
How do you diagnose Bartonella spp. in cats?
Blood culture Serology PCR
252
What is a reliable test for definitive diagnosis of Bartonella in cats?
Blood culture
253
Where do you take samples for Bartonella samples in cats?
3 different places: Jugular, Saphenous, etc
254
What is the treatment for Bartonella spp in cats?
Enrofloxacin 14-28 days Doxycycline 14-28 days Azithromycin for 14 days
255
How do you prevent Bartonella in Cats?
Avoid contact with infected cats and fleas | Avoid blood transfusions from cats with unknown Bartonella status
256
What is the common name for the disease from Bartonella spp in cats?
Cat scratch disease
257
Hemotropic mycoplasm
wall-less bacterial organisms that attach and grow on the surface of red blood cells Gran negative bacteria
258
What are the two forms of Mycoplasma spp. in cats?
Mycoplasma haemofelis | Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum
259
How is Mycoplasma spp. transmitted in cats?
Blood sucking arthropods and fleas through fighting and saliva trasnmission from queen to kittens
260
What are the clinical signs Mycoplasma spp. in cats?
Immune mediated Hemolytic anemia and Intravascular/extravascular Hemolysis Cyclic parasitemia Pale or icteric MM
261
What are the clinical findings of Bartonella in cats?
Hyperbilirubinemia Hyperglobulinemia Elevated ALT/AST Hypoglycemia
262
How do you diagnose Mycoplasma spp in cats?
PCR
263
What is the treatment for Mycoplasma spp. in cats?
``` Doxycycline Enrofloxacin Marbofloxacin Pradofloxacin Prednisolone for severely anemia animals ```
264
What does Feline parvovirus cause?
Feline panleukopenia
265
How long should owners with a Feline Parvovirus positive animal wait til they get a new kitten?
6 months to a year
266
What kind of cells does Feline Parvovirus require?
rapidly dividing cell Lymphoid tissue Bone marrow intestinal mucosa
267
What tissues are targeted by Feline Parvovirus?
Intestinal crypts
268
Where does Feline Parvovirus replicate?
Neurons
269
What are the clinical signs for Feline Parvovirus?
Peracute: septic shock, deH2O, hypothermic and comatosed Acute form: fever, depression, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, petechiae, and ecchymosis
270
How do you diagnose Feline Parvovirus?
Serology Fecal Viral Antigen test - ELISA Viral isolation Genetic detection - PCR
271
What is the treatment for Feline Parvovirus?
``` Symptomatic and nursing care Parenteral fluids/electrolyte Anti-emetics Broad spectrum Antibiotics IFN-omega Food ```
272
How do you prevent Feline Parvovirus?
Vaccinations- Inactivated or Modified Live vaccines
273
What are some other enteric viruses of cats?
``` Astrovirus Feline rotavirus Norovirus Torovirus Reovirus ```
274
What are the two serotypes of Feline coronavirus?
Type 1 - unique feline strain | Type 2 - recombination of feline and canine coronavirus
275
What is the most common type of Feline coronavirus?
Type 1
276
What are the changes in Feline Husbandry that have lead to an increase in Feline coronavirus?
``` Greater number of cats Indoors Popularity of pure breeds Increase number of cats live in shelters Diet Age Breeds ```
277
What is the pathogenesis of Feline coronavirus?
Virus replicates in small intestine and ileocecocolic junction
278
How long after infection is Feline coronavirus shed in feces?
2 days
279
How is Feline coronavirus transmitted?
Direct contact with infected feces
280
Where do you find FIV?
Monocytes
281
What are the keys to development of FIP?
Feline coronavirus in monocytes adheres to blood vessel walls and extravasates
282
FeCoV monocytes release...
IL-6 TNF-alpha IL-1 Metalloproteinase MMP-9
283
IL-6
stimulates hepatocytes to release acute phase proteins and stimulate Beta-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia
284
TNF-alpha
major contributor to inflammation, cause of lymphopenia in non-effusive FIP, cause cachexia
285
IL-1
activates B and T lymphocytes, pyrogenic, contributes to inflammatory response
286
Metalloproteinase MMP-9
responsible for leakiness of blood vessels - as break down extracellular matrix proteins
287
How does cell mediated immune response to FeCoV play a role in Feline coronavirus?
prevents infection
288
Absent CMI response and strong humoral response to Feline coronavirus
develop effusive FIP
289
Intermediated CMI response to Feline coronavirus
non effusive FIP
290
What are the clinical signs of the initial infection of Feline coronavirus?
Diarrhea Upper respiratory tract signs vomiting weight loss
291
What are the clinical signs of the Effusive (wet) FIP form?
``` Ascites Bright or dull Pyrexia weight loss dyspnea tachypnea icterus or Pale MM Muffled heart sounds pericardial effusions Palpable abdominal masses ```
292
What are the clinical signs of the non-effusive form of FIP?
``` Pyrexia weight loss dullness depressed appetite icterus intraocular lesions Aqueous flare/ cloudiness of anterior chamber Keratic precipitates Retinal hemorhhage/detachment dyspnea/tachypnea ```
293
What is the gold standard test for diagnosis of Feline Coronavirus?
Histopathology
294
How do you diagnose Feline Coronavirus?
Effusion analysis Rivalta Test Positive immunofluorescent staining
295
Effusion analysis of Feline Coronavirus?
Clear straw colored and viscous modified transudate | Albumin:globulin ration is usually less than 0.45
296
Rivalta Test for Feline Coronavirus?
Add 1 drop of 8% acetic acid to distilled water | if the drop remains intact and retains its shape = positive
297
Positive immunofluorescent staining
shows infected macrophages
298
What is a definitive diagnosis for Feline Coronavirus?
Positive Immunofluorescent staining
299
What do you see on CBC and biochem associated with Feline Coronavirus?
Lymphopenia Non-regenerative anemia with the non-effusive form thrombocytopenia High serum protein levels Increased in gamma globulin Hyperbilirubinemia - reflect hepatic necrosis
300
How do you diagnose Feline Coronavirus?
High AGP (alpha-1 acid glycoprotein) levels FeCoV antibody titre Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction test RT-PCR for messenger RNA Antigen detection in tissues
301
What is the gold standard for diagnosis of Feline Coronavirus?
Indirect FA testing
302
What is very sensitive for Feline Coronavirus?
Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction test
303
What is the treatment for Feline Coronavirus?
No real therapy Glucocorticoids Good nutrition
304
How do you prevent Feline Coronavirus?
Vaccination
305
What tissues does Feline Leukemia Virus replicate in?
Bone marrow salivary glands respiratory epithelium
306
What does Feline Leukemia Virus need for replication?
Host DNA
307
Feline Leukemia Virus gag gene?
encodes for internal structural proteins
308
Feline Leukemia Virus Gag protein p27
Used for diagnosis of Feline Leukemia Virus
309
What is the signalment for Feline Leukemia Virus?
``` Outdoor cats Exposure to other cats Fighting and intact males Aggressive cats Males more than females Lower in indoor cats and purebreds Adult cats higher prevalence ```
310
How is Feline Leukemia Virus transmitted?
close contact through saliva and also blood through fleas, fomites, infected needles, blood transfusions Kitten infected transplacentally
311
What were the four stages of Feline Leukemia Virus?
Abortive infection Regressive infection Progressive infection Focal or Atypical infection
312
Feline Leukemia Virus Abortiveinfection
High levels of neutralizing antibodies in circulation
313
Feline Leukemia Virus Regressive infection
effective immune response | can reactivate in pregnant cats due to immunosuppression
314
Feline Leukemia Virus Progressive infection
Virus is not contained Immune system is not strong enough remain persistently viremic
315
Feline Leukemia Virus Focal or Atypical infection
Virus restricted to certain tissues | P27 antigen postive or negative
316
What are the clinical signs of Feline Leukemia Virus?
``` Hematopoietic malignancy Myelosuppression Infectious disease Coinfections with FIP and FIV Anemia Lymphoma Fading kitten syndrome Neuropathy ```
317
How do you diagnose Feline Leukemia Virus?
Look for p27 antigen on ELISA | Direct FA testing
318
What do you use when a regressive infection is suspected for Feline Leukemia Virus?
Nucleic acid detection
319
How do you treat Feline Leukemia Virus?
All cats are tested Vaccinate with core vaccines - every 6 months Antiviral chemotherapy - Zidovudine (AZT) Immunomodulatory therapy - Feline IFN-omega
320
How do you treat tumors from Feline Leukemia Virus?
routine chemotherapy
321
How do you treat Hematological disorders for Feline Leukemia Virus?
Blood transfusions Human erythropoietin G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)
322
How do you prevent Feline Leukemia Virus?
Vaccination - attenuated virus
323
What is the signalment for Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Outdoors high population densities higher in male cats Adult cats
324
How is Feline immunodeficiency virus transmitted?
Saliva or blood bites or wounds In utero or postpartum
325
Where can you find high concentrations of Feline immunodeficiency virus??
in Milk
326
What is the pathogenesis for Feline immunodeficiency virus?
virus cleared by the macrophages and replicates in lymphocytes which spread to bone marrow, lung, intestinal tract, brain and kidneys
327
What cells of the immune system are affected by Feline immunodeficiency virus?
CD8+ and CD4+
328
What are the clinical signs of the acute phase of Feline immunodeficiency virus?
``` Fever malaise lymphadenopathy enteritis respiratory tract disease stomatitis dermatitis ```
329
What are the stages of Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Acute phase Clinical asymptomatic phase Terminal phase
330
What are the clinical signs of the Terminal phase of Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Neurological signs ocular disease Neopliasia
331
What are the clinical findings associated with Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Neutropenia lymphopenia Anemia Hyperglobulinemia
332
How do you diagnose Feline immunodeficiency virus?
ELISA Antibody testing
333
How long do kittens with Feline immunodeficiency virus have antibodies from the mother?
up to 6 months
334
What is the treatment for Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Antiviral chemotherapy: AZT (zidovudine) | Immunodeficiency therapy: IFN-omega
335
What do you treat anemia with in cats with Feline immunodeficiency virus?
rHuEPO
336
What do you treat neutropenia with inc ats with Feline immunodeficiency virus?
G-CSF
337
How do you prevent Feline immunodeficiency virus?
Identify and segregate infected cats | FIV vaccine
338
What are the three infectious stages of Toxoplasma?
Sporozoites Tachyzoites Bradyzoites
339
How is Toxoplasmosi transmitted?
``` Congenital infection Ingestion of infected tissues ingestion of oocyst contaminated food or water lactational transplantation ```
340
What is the life cycle of Toxoplasmosis?
1. Ingestion of cysts 2. release of bradyzoites 3. Bradyzoites penetrate epithelial wall 5. Eventually form micro and macrogamonts 6. oocyst passsed out in the feces and sporulates
341
What are common sites of replication for Toxoplasma in cats?
Brain liver lung skeletal muscle and eyes
342
What are the clinical signs of Toxoplasma in cats?
``` Naive cats: small bowel diarrhea Systemi infection: hepatopathy ascites chorioretinitis anterior uveitis Older cats: fever Myocarditis Vomiting diarrhea abdominal effusion Hyperesthesia Neurological deficits ```
343
What are the clinical findings for Toxoplasmosis?
non-reg anemia neutrophili leukocytsis Increased ALT, AST, CK, Bilirubin levels, amylase and lipase
344
How do you diagnose Toxoplasmosis?
``` Cytology Radiology Fecal exam Serology for antibodies Aqueous humor and CSF assessment Culture ELISA - antigen PCR ```
345
What is the treatment for Toxoplasmosis in cats?
Clindamycin Pyrimethamine and sulphonamide combination Monensin Toltrazuril
346
How do you prevent Toxoplasmosis in cats?
Avoid raw diets
347
How is Trichomoniasis transmitted?
shared litterboxes
348
What are the clinical signs of Trichomoniasis?
Large bowel diarrhea with fresh blood
349
How do you diagnose Trichomoniasis in cats?
Fecal smear culturing feces using special growth media PCR
350
What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis in cats?
Ronidazole
351
What are the vectors for Cytauzoonosis?
Amblyomma americanum | Rhipicephalus sanguineus
352
What area is Cytauzoonosis found in?
South-eastern and mid atlantic regions
353
What is the pathogenesis of Cytauzoonosis?
Asexual reproduction within host mononuclear phagocytic cells leading to vasculitis and vascular obstruction The cells rupture and release merozoites Erythrocytes take up merozoites by endocytosis producing classical piroplasma
354
What are the clinical signs of Cytauzoonosis?
``` Anorexia lethargy fever Increased vocalisation weakness icterus dark yellow urine respiratory distress obtunded mentation seizures DIC ```
355
What are the clinical findings associated with Cytauzoonosis?
``` Pancytopenia anemia DIC erythroparasitemia Piroplasma schizonts in mononuclear cells Schizont laden macrophages ```
356
How do you diagnose Cytauzoonosis?
PCR
357
How do you treat Cytauzoonosis?
Supportive care | antiprotozoal medication:- Imidocarb, Atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene aceturate
358
How do you prevent Cytauzoonosis?
Prevent tick exposure
359
What fungal infection are cats highly susceptible to?
Sporotrichosis
360
What are the clinical signs of Sporotrichosis?
Multiple skin and mucosal lesions
361
How do you treat Sporotrichosis?
Itraconozole and saturated KI solution

RUSVM Small Animal Medicine I 2016 (9 decks)

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