vaccinations

Question 1

vaccination

Answer 1

small amounts of weakened or dead pathogen/antigen is introduced in the mouth by in injection

Question 2

active immunity

Answer 2

immunity created by own immune system following exposure to pathogen

Question 3

natural active immunity

Answer 3

following infection and the creation of the bodies own antibodies and memory cells

Question 4

artificial active immunity

Answer 4

introduction of weakened version of pathogens through vaccines

Question 5

passive immunity

Answer 5

antibodies are introduced to body

the pathogen doesn’t enter the body so the plasma and memory cells arent made

no long term immunity

eg: breast feeding and snake venom

Question 6

herd immunity

Answer 6

if enough of the population is vaccinated then the pathogen cant spread easily amongst the population

provides protection for those who arent vaccinated

eg: those who are too young or are already ill who have lowered immunity

Question 7

how are memory b cells and plasma cells formed?

Answer 7

exposure to b cell goes through clonal expansion and clonal selection

b cells go through mitosis to make large amounts of cells that differentiate into plasma cells and memory b cells

plasma cells make antibodies

they can divide rapidly into plasma cells when reinfected with the same pathogen to make large numbers of antibodies rapidly.

Question 8

antigen variability

Answer 8

eg : influenza - this virus mutates and changes shape very quickly so this is why a new vaccine has to be created and administered every year ; the patient is no longer immune after the year mark.