monoclonal antibodies

Question 1

monoclonal antibody

Answer 1

a single type of antibody that can be isolated and cloned

Question 2

types of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 2

medical treatment

medical diagnosis

pregnancy test

Question 3

indirect monoclonal antibody therapy (bullet drugs)

Answer 3

monoclonal antibody is created that is complementary to the shape of the antigen on the outside of the cancer cell (drugs are attached to them)

cancer is directly delivered to cancer cells which then kills only those cancer cells

Question 4

direct monoclonal antibody therapy

Answer 4

prevents cancer cells from growing and developing

antibodies are given to the cancer patient and it attaches to the cancer cell - this prevents chemical binding to cancer cell which enables uncontrolled division (tumours)

antibodies are antigen specific so can only attach to the one antigen

Question 5

ELISA test

Answer 5

1. add sample to the base of the beaker
2. wash to remove any unbound test sample
3. add antibody complementary in shape to antigen in the test sample
4. wash to remove any unbound antibodies
5. add 2nd antibody that is complementary to the 1st antibody and binds first. the 2nd antibody has an enzyme attached to it
6. substrate for enzyme (colourless) is added which produces coloured products in presence of enzyme
7. presence of the colour indicates the presence of antigen in test sample. the intensity of the colour indicates the quantity present

Question 6

pregnancy test

Answer 6

B) a mobile antibody, shares a complementary shape to the antigen being tested and has coloured dye attached

C) second antibody, shares a complementary shape to the antigen, and is immobilised in the test

D) third antibody is immobilised, shares a complementary shape to the first antibody

Question 7

ethics of ELISA test

Answer 7

requires mice to produce antibodies and tumour cells

animal spleen is removed and this kills them