Vaccinations Flashcards
active acquired immunity
the body makes antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen
primary active acquired immunity
getting the disease and making antibodies
secondary active acquired immunity
getting a vaccine and making antibodies
passive acquired immunity
patients are given antibodies from someone else
naturally acquired immunity
education of the adaptive immune system through natural events
artificially acquired immunity
mimicking natural events to educate the adaptive immune system
example of naturally acquired immunity
getting sick from someone sneezing on you
example of artificially acquired immunity
vaccines
natural active immunity
immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after exposure to an infectious agent
artificial active immunity
immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after vaccination
natural passive immunity
immunity that results when antibodies from a woman are transferred to her developing fetus during pregnancy or to an infant during breastfeeding
artificial passive immunity
immunity that results when antibodies contained in the serum of other people or animals are injected into an individual
vaccines
pathogen or pathogen products used to induce active immunity
vaccines provide protection for __________ and ___________
individual and population
herd immunity
if enough people in a population are vaccinated for an illness, susceptible individuals who cannot get the vaccine are protected from the illness
what is the critical level for herd immunity to be achieved?
80-85%
what are the 2 types of vaccines?
- attenuated
- inactivated
attenuated vaccine
viable microbe with reduced pathogenicity that should not cause disease
inactivated vaccine
live microbe that is killed when it enters your body
how do attenuated vaccines work?
contains a weakened pathogen that should not cause the disease
1. the pathogen replicates in the host
2. an immune response to non-pathogenic strain will protect against pathogenic strain
growth conditions for attenuated vaccines
- want mutations
- grown in animal cells
- genetic manipulation
disadvantages of attenuated vaccines
- can induce disease in immunosuppressed patients
- need to be refrigerated
advantages of attenuated vaccines
- 1-2 doses can produce long-lasting immunologic memory
- attenuated microbe can spread to other individuals and vaccinate them
can attenuated vaccines be given to pregnant women?
no
how do inactivated vaccines work?
unable to replicate because they’re dead, but can still induce a limited immune response
is the response to an inactivated vaccine stronger or weaker than an attenuated vaccine?
weaker
what type of vaccine typically contains an adjuvant?
inactivated vaccines
what does an adjuvant do?
enhances the immune memory response
what are the 6 types of inactivated vaccines?
- inactivated whole agent
- toxoid
- subunit
- VLP (virus-like particle)
- polysaccharide
- conjugate
inactivated whole agent inactivated vaccine
whole pathogen treated with chemical that does not change surface epitopes
toxoid inactivated vaccine
altered toxin
subunit inactivated vaccine
broken up pathogens (only contains portions of pathogens)
VLP inactivated vaccine
empty capsids made via genetic engineering
polysaccharide inactivated vaccine
contains polysaccharides from the capsules of infectious organisms
T-independent antigen responses
learned over time as we grow and develop
conjugate inactivated vaccine
link polysaccharide to carrier protein for a stronger immune response
which vaccine produces T-independent antigen responses?
polysaccharide inactivated vaccine
which vaccine produces T-dependent responses?
conjugate inactivated vaccine
advantages of inactivated vaccines
- cannot cause infection
- many do not need to be refrigerated
disadvantages of inactivated vaccines
- weak immune response
- require boosters
- adjuvants can induce a strong inflammatory response
mRNA vaccines
contain instructions for making a protein and can act as their own adjuvant
example of mRNA vaccine
covid vaccine
what diseases are we getting vaccinated for today?
- diphtheria
- pertussis (whooping cough)
- tetanus
- hepatitis B
- influenza
- measles
- mumps
successful vaccine campaigns
- polio
- yellow fever
- smallpox
- HPV
- hepatitis A/B
- MMR
- pertussis
- rabies
- tetanus
- meningitis
