vaccination programs for cattle 2 Flashcards
Dairy:
Vaccination Programs for Calves
- neonatal diarrhea agents, timing, how to vaccinate??
Disease: Neonatal diarrhea
* Agents: E. coli, rota/corona virus, Cryptosporidia, Salmonella, Eimeria; (BVD?)
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Time of disease
* 1st week, up to 2 months of age
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When to vaccinate?
* Cows (dam) in late pregnancy for passive transfer
* Efficacy depends on colostrum feeding/management
Vaccination Programs for Dairy Calves
- for respiratory disease
> agents, timing, when/how to vaccinate
Disease: Respiratory disease (BRD)
* Agents: BRSV, Mannheimia hemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, PI3, IBR, BVD
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Time of disease
* 3 weeks to 4 months of age
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When to vaccinate?
* Calves
* Before challenge? 1 to 5 weeks of age?
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* Intra-nasal BRSV/IBR/PI-3 +/- MH/PM preferred for short-term protection
(nasal vaccine a good way to stimulate local immunity
> probably better than injection for this purpose
> less interference will circulating antibody)
Vaccination Programs for Cows
- for abortion
> agents, timing, when to vaccinate?
Disease: Abortion
* Agents: BVD, IBR, Leptospirosis, Neospora, etc
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Time of disease
* Throughout pregnancy; most detected from 3 to 9 months gestation
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When to vaccinate?
* Ideally, before breeding (assuming protection lasts for 9 – 12+ months)
Vaccination Programs for Cattle
- for BVD
> what issues does this agent cause?
> who is at risk
> when to vaccinate?
BVD
* Abortion; congenital anomalies
* PI’s
* Clinical disease (fever, diarrhea, death)
* Immune suppression and 2o disease risk
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Who is at risk?
* Pregnant cows/heifers
* Any animal
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When to vaccinate?
* Before breeding
* Before exposure? Cattle movements/mixing
Vaccination Programs for Dairy Cows
* Core Program = ???
* why?
Core Program = BVD + IBR
* Exposure is common
* Consequences are substantial
> PI > abortion > clinical disease
> Epidemics of severe clinical BVD are possible in unvaccinated cattle
* Addition of other antigens to a program is based on an assessment of risk
Vaccination of young calves - does it do anything? considerations?
when to use?
Calves can and do respond to vaccination even with maternal antibody present
* Calves that received inadequate colostrum respond better to vaccination
* Calves may not have a measurable antibody response to vaccination < 4 months old, but may still be protected against clinical disease when challenged
> BVD; +/- BRSV
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* Vaccination of calves induces immune memory and better response to subsequent vaccination or challenge
> BVD, IBR, PI-3, Mannheimia hemolytica, Leptospirosis, (BRSV)
* IF pre- or early post-weaning respiratory disease is a problem, MLV vaccination pre-weaning is worth considering
> Systemic 5-way MLV at 2 and/or 5 weeks of age did not reduce BRD in dairy calves
> Intra-nasal (IN) BRSV/IBR/PI-3 vaccine +/- reduced clinical BRD; reduced lung consolidation
Vaccination – Dairy Herd
* Current best practice
1) Minimum of 2 doses of MLV vaccine between 6 months old and breeding (before she is pregnant)
* Practically means vaccinating heifers at least 3 times per year
* Use of MLV in dry cows might increase duration of maternal Ab effect on calf response to vaccination (?)
* Vaccination < 6 months old is for short-term clinical disease protection
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2) MLV to open cows “annually” (as cows are ~ 1 month postpartum)
* Means vaccinating groups at least monthly
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± 3) Coliform mastitis vaccination (2 or 3 doses (per label) “annually” in the dry period (last 2 months of gestation ± 2-4 weeks postpartum
How are beef cow-calf herds different from dairy herds?
- Seasonal calving and breeding
- All cows should calve within 60-90 days
> Degree of confinement (time of year) varies - Calves remain with dam until fall (~ 6 months old)
- Raised on pasture
- Handling is typically substantial work
> Handling facilities may be limiting - Cows and weaned calves are managed as groups
- Allows Vx to be both SCHEDULED and STRATEGIC
Common Infectious Diseases of Mature Beef Cattle with vaccines available
- BVD
- IBR
- Leptospirosis
- Pasture footrot
- IBK (pinkeye)
- Trichomoniasis
- Rabies
- Neospora
Common Infectious Diseases of Mature Beef Cattle with NO vaccines available
Vaccines not available
* Johne’s
* Winter dysentery
* Enz Bov Leukosis
* Mastitis
* Metritis
Common Infectious Diseases of Suckling Beef Calves
- with vaccines available
- Neonatal calf diarrhea
- Enzootic pneumonia
- Pasture footrot
- IBK (pinkeye)
- Interstitial pneumonia (BRSV)
- Blackleg
- Malignant edema
- Tetanus
- Rabies
Common Infectious Diseases of Suckling Beef Calves
- with NO vaccines available
- Omphalophlebitis
- Meningitis
- Septic arthritis
- Verminous pneumonia
Common Infectious Diseases of Weaned Beef Calves and Yearlings (Feedlot)
- with vaccines available
BRD
* M.haemolytica
* Histophilosis
* BVD
* IBR
* BRSV
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* Pasture footrot
* IBK (pinkeye)
* Malignant edema
* Tetanus
Common Infectious Diseases of Weaned Beef Calves and Yearlings (Feedlot)
- with vaccines NOT available
- CPPS (M. bovis pneumonia + arthritis)
- Septic arthritis
- Castration infections
“Value-Added” Beef Calves
* Prevaccinated, costs and considerations
Prevaccinated
* Sell for $0.08 to 0.13 / lb premium over comparable in special sales (typically ~ $45 per head)
* Prevaccination likely profitable to the cow-calf producer IF calves are marketed in special Pre-Vx sales
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special Pre-Vx sales
* Feedlots, on average, will experience 30% reduction in treatment rate for UBRD
(e.g. 25% to 18%)
* Does this make them a good buy for the feedlot?
* NOT NECESSARILY - treating the extra sick ones (7%) may be more cost-effective. Depends on feedlot ownerʼs risk aversion, disease management skills
