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3. Food Animal 4 > chronic wasting pt 2 > Flashcards

chronic wasting pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
* name
* Presenting complaint and history:
* etiology, pathogen

A
  • CL; CLA; Cheesy Gland
    <><>
  • Presenting complaint and history:
  • Abscessed lymph nodes
  • Several animals in group affected
  • Some chronic wasting
    <><>
  • Etiology
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  • Thick lipid cell wall
  • Intracellular bacteria
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2
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
- geography
- significance
- spread

A
  • Very widespread throughout the world
  • Sheep, goats, new world camelids, cattle
  • Cause of carcass condemnation and trim
    <><>
    Spread by :
  • Direct contact
  • Coughing
  • Fomites (shearing equipment, feeders) * Contaminated feed, bedding, water
    <><>
  • Bacteria can survive days (e.g. water) to months (feed, soil) in environment (esp. of cool and moist)
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3
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis pathogenesis

A
  • Bacteria enter through skin (damaged or intact) > e.g. shearing
  • Move to regional lymph node (or systemic)
  • Localized in lymph nodes and internal organs
  • Form abscesses which break and drain
    > External
    > Pulmonary
  • Discharge is very infectious
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4
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
Abscess appearance, sheep vs goats

A

Abscesses
* White to greenish white pus
* Caseous
* Odourless
<><>
Sheep
* Onion skin appearance (lamellated)
<><>
Goats
* No onion skin

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5
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
- anatomy affected?

A

Can affect all lymph nodes
* Internal, external
<><>
Most common is external presentation, especially in head and neck
* Parotid
* Submandibular
* Cervical
* Pre-scapular
<><><><>
Internal sites:
* Pulmonary !!!
* Mediastinal !!!
* Retropharyngeal !!
* Pituitary
* Spinal
* Other organs

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6
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis possible effects on animals

A
  • Unapparent
  • Sudden death
  • Chronic wasting
  • Can have internal with no external evidence of disease
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7
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
diagnosis

A

Diagnostics
* Location of abscess
* Laboratory diagnosis
> Culture intact abscess
* Necropsy
> Abscesses in internal organs & lymph nodes

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8
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
Treatment

A
  • Lance and drain
  • Iodine (2.5% tincture) or chlorhexadine
  • Do not inject formaldehyde into abscess
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9
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
- environmental control? what to focus on?

A

Environmental contamination
* Monitor animals monthly – palpate lymph nodes
* Isolation of affected animals
* Cull chronic offenders
* Risk from fomites (feeders, milking equipment)
<><>
Shearing biosecurity
* Shearing order
* Disinfection
* Treat shearing wounds
> Iodine

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10
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis
- vaccination

A
  • Vaccination of lambs prior to infection / exposure
  • Youngstock 12 & 16 weeks of age
    > Can start early (8 weeks) but need to give last booster at 16 weeks
  • Booster of adult sheep annually as a minimum
    > More frequently if housed in confinement
    > Booster late gestation, before housing, 1 m prior to lambing
  • Glanvac 6 (Zoetis)
    > Contains clostridial antigens so can replace clostridial vaccination
  • CasBac (Colorado Serum)
    > Licensed for sheep but not licensed or recommended for goats
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11
Q

Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma (ENA)
- pathogen?
- prevalence?
- who gets it?
- signs?
- progression
- species
- incidence
- spread

A
  • Retrovirus
  • Most commonly diagnosed tumour of sheep
  • Thin adult sheep or goat (> 2 years)
  • Most often with upper respiratory noise
  • Increased inhaled effort
  • Sometimes facial deformity, neurologic signs
  • Slowly progressive, 100% fatal
  • Mostly sheep but also seen in goats
  • Sporadically seen as a common disease (0.5 – 15 % incidence)
  • Spread by nasal secretions
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12
Q

Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma (ENA)
- diagnosis
- control / prevention

A
  • Diagnosed based on PM findings
  • Virus particles found in tumor tissues
  • No serologic test
  • Isolate affected animals
    > Euthanize when have a diagnosis
    > Market offspring from last litter
  • Can test with PCR of nasal secretions
  • May be genetic predilection
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13
Q

Gastrointestinal Parasites (Adults)
- who is generally immune? who is not?

A
  • Sheep develop immunity after first grazing season
    <><>
    We can see parasites if:
  • If immunity suppressed
    > E.g. lambing, poor nutrition, Johne’s disease
  • Overwhelming challenge
    > E.g. Haemonchus contortus
  • Goats don’t develop immunity – ever!
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14
Q

Scrapie
- presentation? (most commonly)

A
  • Most common presentation is wasting
  • Include in differentials when investigating a flock/herd problem
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15
Q

Take home messages
- importance and prevalence of chronic wasting
- presentation
- common causes
- important rule out

A
  • Chronic wasting is a common presenting complaint in sheep and goats, and may be under recognized on some farms
  • It may present at an individual animal or group level
  • Common causes: competition, dental disease, MV, CAE, Johne’s, CL,
    ENA, parasitism, lameness
  • Uncommon but important (reportable) rule-out: Scrapie
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16
Q

Take home messages
- how to deal with competition and dental disease (common causes of chronic wasting)?
> when do we see this?

A
  • Competition – consider needs of the production stage/feeding strategy
  • Dental disease – older animals, sporadic, some farms may have more
17
Q

Take home messages
- Maedi Visna
- transmission
- presentation
- dx, control

A
  • Virus transitted via air, milk/colostrum, causes chronic inflammatory changes
  • Common presentations – respiratory signs, hard udders, wasting
  • Does not cause a fever, milk will have a normal CMT
  • Good serologic test means we can have a disease control program!
18
Q

Take home messages
* Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
- transmission
- presentation
- dx, control

A
  • Virus transmitted similar to MV, similar pathologic changes
  • Common presentations – enlarged joints, lameness, hard udders, wasting
  • Serologic testing exists, but no recognized control program in Canada
19
Q

Take home messages
* Johne’s disease
- sheep vs cattle presentation?
- dx?

A
  • Similar transmission to cattle, different clinical presentation (less diarrhea)
  • Post mortems are the best diagnostic test
20
Q

Take home messages
* Caseous Lymphadenitis
- what is it?
- transmission?
- control

A
  • Bacteria causing abscessed lymph nodes, may cause wasting (internal form)
  • Spread by direct contact, contamination of shearing equipment, feed, bedding, etc.
  • Monitor animals and cull/isolate infected; vaccination can be done to help prevent
21
Q

Take home messages
* Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma
- significance?
- presentation?
- dx

A
  • Under recognized, sporadic, may present as chronic pneumonia, wasting
  • Post mortem should involve examination of the nasal sinus (split head)

3. Food Animal 4 (16 decks)

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