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3. Food Animal 4 > Sudden death pt 2 > Flashcards

Sudden death pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic copper toxicosis
* Treatment – clinically affected animals

A
  • Rarely save clinical cases
  • Treatment focused on chelating copper
  • Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
    > Injectable – every other day
    > In water with sodium sulphate daily for 3 weeks
  • D-penicillamine daily
    > Expensive, may relapse after treatment is stopped
  • Supportive care
    > Fluids, NSAIDs
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2
Q

Chronic copper toxicosis
* Treatment – exposed, high risk animals

A
  • This is where the most impact lies
  • No obvious signs, but likely copper loaded
  • Ammonium molybdate and sodium sulfate in the feed
  • Free choice salt/mineral mix which includes:
    > Salt
    > Calcium sulfate (Gypsum)
    > Sodium molybdate
  • Feed for 2-3 months depending on exposure
  • If you can’t eliminate the copper source, may need Mo
    added to the ration on a long-term basis
  • Work with your flock’s nutritionist!
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3
Q

Chronic copper toxicosis
* Prevention
* Public health

A

Prevention:
* Avoid any incorrect feeds (formulated for cattle, etc.) * Do not spread poultry or swine manure
* Assure ration has added Mo if cannot control Cu levels
<><><><>
Public health issue
* Cu / Mo are heavy metals
* Liver and kidneys from affected animals condemned

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4
Q

Obstructive urolithiasis
- who gets this?
- signs

A
  • Male feeder lambs & kids found dead
  • Straining to urinate, stretching
  • Dribbling urine, crystals on prepuce
  • Depressed, anorexic
  • Ruptured urethra – adnominal swelling
  • Enlarged abdomen with fluid wave – ruptured bladder
  • Distention and pulsation of urethra (rectally)
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5
Q

Common types of uroliths for small ruminants:

A
  • Struvite – from diets high in phosphate/Mg
  • Calcium carbonate – pet goats on high alfalfa
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6
Q

Obstructive urolithiasis
- risk factors
> and risks for struvite and calcium carbonate

A

Struvite usually seen in feedlots, high grain diets
* High P, low Ca > Ca:P ratio is too low
* High Mg can also contribute
<><>
Poor water supply
* Poor quality
* Frozen
* Not accessible
* Not used to the system
<><>
Inadequate salt in the diet to encourage drinking
<><>
Increased mucoid production
* Low vitamin A
* Estrogenic compounds in the feed
<><>
Calcium carbonate
* Typically in older animals on a high alfalfa
diet
* Excessive calcium
* Sporadic
<><><><>
* Castrates higher risk than intact males
* Often see outbreaks with several animals affected

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7
Q

Obstructive urolithiasis
* Treatment
- for dribbling vs complete block

A

dribbling urine
* Snip veriform appendage
* To help exteriorize penis
> Diazepam
> NOT xylazine
* NSAID +/- steroid for swelling
* Drench with ammonium chloride
> 1 to 10 grams/day x 3-5 days
<><><><>
completely blocked
* Remove veriform appendage
* Drench with ammonium chloride
* Perineal urethrostomy? Tube cystotomy?

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8
Q

Obstructive urolithiasis
* Control

A
  • Fresh water & lots of access
  • Ca:P = 2:1
  • NaCl ≥ 1% of ration on dry weight
  • Ammonium chloride (0.5 to 2.0 %)
    > ONLY for struvites!
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9
Q

Pneumonia
- common presentation, signs
- pathogens and what they do

A
  • Outbreak with sudden death in lambs and kids
  • May have depressed/off-feed animals, but may miss signs
    <><>
  • Mannhemia haemolytica
  • Causes septicemia in young lambs (< 4 weeks)
  • Acute severe fibrinous pneumonia in all ages
    <><>
  • Bibersteinia trehalosi
  • Septicemia in lambs with concurrent disease (coccidia)
  • Fibrinous bronchopneumonia in all ages
    <><>
  • Respiratory viruses – less important in small ruminants?
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10
Q

Pneumonia
* Risk factors:

A
  • Poor air quality
  • High stocking density (< 2 m2 per adult)
  • High humidity
  • High ammonia
  • Temperature fluctuations
  • Cold drafts, piling
  • Intact males (riding)
  • Transport
  • Mixing
  • Respiratory viruses (+/-)
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11
Q

Pneumonia
* Clinical signs:

A
  • Found dead
  • Importance of distance exam!
  • Depressed, anorexic
  • Poor rumen fill
  • Febrile (> 40 C)
  • Few respiratory signs early
  • May be coughing in the group
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12
Q

Pneumonia
* Postmortem:

A
  • Severe fibrinous pneumonia
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Chronic lesions may also indicate poor observation or treatment of less acute pneumonia lesions from Mycoplasma ovipneumonia
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13
Q

Pneumonia
* Treatment:
- timing?
- species considerations?

A
  • Early detection is needed for effective treatment
  • No drugs are labeled for goats
  • Labeled for sheep: oxytetracycline, tilmicosin (do not use in goats!!), ceftiofur
  • Off-label treatment (sheep and goats): florfenicol, tulathromycin
    • NSAID
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14
Q

Pneumonia
- when to treat?
- should we mass treat?
- food safety considerations

A
  • Pull and treat based on clinical signs and rectal temperature
  • Consider metaphylaxis if missing cases, or if >10% in a group are ill
    <><>
  • Food safety and quality assurance
  • Injections SC/IM in neck (SC, axillary)
  • Withdrawl times for slaughter
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15
Q

Pneumonia
* Control:

A
  • Stocking density
  • Dry bedding
  • Remove dafts
    <><>
  • No vaccines (bovine) are considered efficacious
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16
Q

Take home messages
- Sudden death is typically a result of a disease with:

A
  • Sudden death is typically a result of a disease with a high case fatality rate, and acute disease onset
  • Alternatively, if early signs of disease are missed – animals may appear to ‘die suddenly’, even though they have have shown earlier symptoms
17
Q

Take home messages
* Hypothermia/hypoglycemia
- risk factors, pathogenesis, what we need to do?

A
  • Hypothermia/hypoglycemia is a common cause of death of lambs in the first 3 days of life – risk factors = < 3 kg, dystocia, mismothering, cold environment – symptoms: tucked abdomen, empty, depressed, à progressing to down, comatose, convulsing
  • Lambs burn through their brown fat in ~5 hours, and need to consume colostrum during that window
  • If the lamb is > 5 hours old, we need to give an energy source BEFORE rewarming – if they can suck, can tube colostrum – if not, give IP dextrose
18
Q

Take home messages
* Pulpy kidney
- what is it, risks, how to control

A
  • Pulpy kidney is a clostridial disease typically affecting fast growing lambs from 1 – 12 months; high carbohydrate (lush pasture, grain) diets are at risk
  • There is a very effective, cheap vaccine available (multi-valent Clostridial)
19
Q

Take home messages
- copper toxicosis
- who it affects
- presentation?
- control

A
  • Copper toxicosis is more common in sheep (more sensitive to Cu)
  • Chronic accumulation, but no signs until the liver is overloaded à haemolysis (serum, urine), jaundice, sudden death, poor response to tx
  • Need to identify the cause and work with a nutritionist to provide a diet which can chelate copper for the remainder of the group
20
Q

Take home messages
- urolithiasis - who gets it? risks? Tx, control?

A
  • Obstructive uroliths typically present in male feeder lambs and kids
  • Risk factors: diets with Ca:P ratios that are too low (low Ca, high P); poor water
    availability, low salt in the diet, high alfalfa diets (typically pets), castrated males
  • Tx = remove veriform appendage, give ammonium chloride, may do surgery (?)
  • Prevention = Ca:P 2:1, enough salt to encourage drinking, fresh water, ammonium chloride in the diet
21
Q

Take home messages
- pathogens that cause pneumonia? risks? control?

A
  • Mannhemia and Bibersteinia can cause sudden death due to fibrinous pneumonia in all ages of lambs and kids; risk factors = poor air quality, high stocking density, high humidity, high ammonia, temperature fluctuations, drafts, transport, mixing
  • No vaccines! Need to mitigate risk factors, find cases early to have successful Tx

3. Food Animal 4 (16 decks)

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