Vaccination programs for cattle Flashcards
modified live vs killed vaccines
Modified Live Vaccines
* Lab-attenuated virus
* Produce a low-level, “true” infection
* Replicates in host
<><><><>
Killed Virus Vaccines
* Completely inactivated
* No replication
* Adjuvants added to increase immune response
immune system:
Innate vs adaptive
and what types of vaccine stimulate what?
Innate (non-specific):
* Physical barriers
* Phagocytes
* Complement system
* NK cells
<><><><>
Adaptive (specific - vaccine responsive)
* Humoral
> Antibodies (B lymphocytes)
* Cell-mediated
> Cell lysis (T lymphocytes)
<><><><>
Humoral
> Killed vaccines, MLV
<><>
Cell-mediated
> MLV
“Strategic” vaccination =
to administer a vaccine in such a way (usually meaning timing) as to maximize chances of protection against condition of interest
Killed Virus Vaccines
* Advantages
Advantages
* Generally stimulate good humoral response
* Can be used in all stages of lactation; pregnant or not
* No risk of shedding
* Convenient; allows whole-herd annual approach
* Properly stored, a partial bottle can be used
Killed vaccines
* Disadvantages
- First dose must be boostered in 2-4 weeks (1o series), otherwise useless
- Ability to stimulate CMI = ?
- Antibodies alone not protective for many diseases
- More expensive
- High levels of antibody for approximately 4-6 months
- Facilitates non-strategic administration
Modified Live Vaccines
* Advantages
Advantages
* Stimulate cell mediated and humoral branches of immune system
* Single dose will often provide protection
* Less expensive per dose
* More rapid immune response
* Longer lasting protection (≥ 12 month duration of immunity for BVD and IBR)
Modified Live Vaccines
* Disadvantages
- (Historically) could not be given to pregnant animals
> Must not be given to naïve pregnant animals
> IF vaccinated on-label before pregnancy, some MLV can be used in pregnant animals for - Need to be reconstituted prior to use
- Can be inactivated by heat, sunlight, chemical residues in syringe
- Must be used within hours. Partial bottles cannot be stored
<><><><>
Must not be given to naïve pregnant animals - IBR causes 30 to 60 % abortion
<><>
IF vaccinated on-label before pregnancy, some MLV can be used in pregnant animals for - convenience
- to maintain 12 month re-vaccination
- to enhance passive immunity for calf
Routine Vaccination Programs for Dairy Cattle, principles
Routine
* Whole herd annually
> Must complete 1° series 2-4 weeks for first time vaccinates
* Again 6 months later for young heifers
> To avoid animals being 1 year old before 1st dose
* Typically killed vaccines (KV)
strategic Vaccination Programs for Dairy Cattle, principles
- Individual - Prior to period of risk
> Requires good record-keeping - Antigen dependent
- Typically Modified Live Vaccines
when to start bovine vaccine program?
Start by 6 months of age
onset of immunity vs vaccination timing
Onset of immunity is typically 2-4 weeks after vaccination
Apparent Vaccine Failure - causes
correct administration?
- animal response? right strain? biological variation? nutrition? other stress?
<><>
incorrect administration?
- route of injection, storage, death of live vaccine…
Infectious Diseases of Cattle that we have vaccines for?
- BVD
- IBR
- BRSV
- Pasteurellosis
- Mastitis
- Leptospirosis
- Clostridial
- Rabies
Infectious Diseases of Cattle that we do NOT have vaccines for?
- Johnes
- Leukosis
- Neospora
- Winter Dysentery
- +/- Salmonella
- Metritis
- Foot rot
- Digital dermatitis
- Ringworm
Commercially available vaccines for dairy cattle
- commonly used vaccines (some are combinations)
- Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD)
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
- Parainfluenza (PI-3)
- Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)
- Leptospirosis (5 strains, non-host- adapted
- Leptospirosis (bovine host-adapted: hardjo-bovis)
- Coliform mastitis (“J5”)
