Vaccination Flashcards
Infantile colic
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Prevalence
• Crying for no apparent reason that lasts
for ≥3 hours per day and occurs on ≥3
days per week in an otherwise healthy
infant <3 months of age. • Prevalence of colic in infants range
from 8 to 40 percent. • The incidence does not differ by
gender or the type of feeding.
Infantile colic
Etiology
Etiology is not known but some
possible explanation: • feeding techniques: overfeeding,
underfeeding or inadequate burping. • Cow’s milk protein intolerance but
usually has other symptoms. • Lactose intolerance. • Gastrointestinal immaturity:
incomplete absorption of
carbohydrates. • Intestinal hypermotility • Parental variables: anxiety of the
parents are transmitted to the child.
Injuries prevention
Children should be seated in the
rear seat of a vehicle until they are
13 years of age.
Baby Walkers
American Academy of Pediatrics
and The Canadian Pediatric
Society called for complete ban of
baby walkers.
Pa cifier Use
Pacifier use help soothing the child and may decrease risk of SIDS. • It should not be discouraged in the 1st year of life but should be restricted in children with chronic/recurrent otitis media. • Pacifier should NOT be given earlier than 3 to 4 weeks of age or before breastfeeding has been established
Sc reen Time
For children under 2 years • old, screen time is not recommended. • For children 2 to 5 years old, limit routine or regular screen time to less than 1 hour per day.
Dental Care
Consider the first dentist visit by
6 months after eruption of 1st
tooth or at age 1 year then every
6 months.
Active immunization
Naturally can be acquired by getting infected by the organism/Vaccines are defined as whole or parts of microorganisms administered to prevent an infectious disease.
Ty pes of vaccines
- Whole inactivated microorganisms (e.g., polio and hepatitis A) 2. Parts (subunits) of the organism (e.g., acellular pertussis, HPV, and hepatitis B). 3. Polysaccharide capsules conjugated to protein carriers (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae B, pneumococcal, and meningococcal conjugate vaccines).
- Live attenuated microorganisms (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus). 5.Toxoids (tetanus and diphtheria).
Diphtheria
• Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Incubation 2-5 days • Early – malaise, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, loss of
appetite, hoarseness, mild fever • Within 2-3 days, adherent, gray membrane on oral mucous
membranes
– Extensive membrane - life-threatening airway obstruction. • Toxin – serious systemic complications including myocarditis • Death rate 5%-10%
TeTanus
• Spread by contact with soil
containing Clostridium tetani • Most infections from
contaminated wounds • Incubation 1-2 weeks • Not contagious • Produces exotoxin • Progressive muscle tightening,
descending pattern
Pe rtussis
• Caused by Bordetella pertussis • Highly contagious • 90% of household contacts will acquire • Starts as URI • After 1-2 weeks – paroxysms of severe coughing followed by “whoop” with loud inspiration, apnea and post tussive vomiting • Worse for very young • Can lead to pneumonia, seizure and encephalopathy
CI of DTaP
Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous vaccine dose – Encephalopathy (e.g., coma, decreased level of consciousness; prolonged seizures) • not attributable to another identifiable cause • within 7 days of administration of previous dose of DTP or DTaP clarified and stabilized – Progressive neurologic disorder • including infantile spasms • uncontrolled epilepsy • progressive encephalopathy – Defer DTaP until neurologic status
Polio
• Very infectious virus • Up to 95% of people infected with
polio have no symptoms • 4-8% minor symptoms – fatigue,
myalgias, stiffness • <1% have paralysis from virus
attacking motor neurons Polio Vaccine: • 2 types, Live attenuated (oral),
Inactivated (IPV). • Ideally all countries should switch to
IPV only.
• Trivalent OPV can cause Vaccine
Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis
(VAPP) • Multiple doses series.
Hemophilus Influenza B(Hib)
Prior to vaccine, Hib was leading cause of childhood – Bacterial meningitis – Epiglottitis – Pneumonia – Empyema – Pericarditis – Bacteremia • Hib vaccine available in combination vaccine.
