V2 - Safety Flashcards
Which type of x-ray interaction results in the complete absorption of the incident photon by an orbital electron?
Photoelectric effect
Which exam is considered a nonessential exam?
Whole-body multislice CT screening
Which type of x-ray photons are present in the remnant x-ray beam, but not in the primary beam?
Scattered
Which statement correctly identifies appropriate use of fluoroscopic technology?
The fluoroscopist must ensure that a cumulative timer is present and used
Which characteristics are true of both x-rays and gamma rays? (3)
- Damage both biologic tissue through indirect action.
- Are low energy transfer (LET) radiation.
- Are electromagnetic radiation.
Which diseases are most prevalent in connection with the 1986 chernobyl nuclear power accident? (3)
- Leukemia.
- Thyroid Cancer.
- Breast Cancer.
Which is described as an interaction between an x-ray photon and an outer-shell electron, weakly bound to an atom of the absorbing medium?
Compton scattering
Which projection of the skull will result in the greatest exposure to the lens of the eye?
AP axial
A 41 yo male is having a radiographic procedures performed. The patient asks the radiographer, “what kind of radiation protection policy do you have in place for your patients?” How should the radiographer respond?
We use the ALARA philosophy
Which fluoroscopic kVp factor is most appropriate for optimal patient radiation protection?
100-110 kVp
Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection procedures because they are more vulnerable to which?
Both the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation
Which is an advantage of an OSL dosimeter?
Classifies various energy levels of radiation received
Which chest x-ray projection reduces exposure to female breast tissue?
PA
A patient receives an entrance skin dose of 5 mGy during a lumbar spine procedure. How much exposure will the radiographer receive when standing 1 meter from the patient?
0.005 mGy
What is the maximum leakage radiation quantity permitted for a diagnostic x-ray tube housing when measured 1 meter from the housing?
1 mGya/hour
Which qualification is needed to hold the position of Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)?
Knowledge of proper radiation safety
When applying gonadal shielding to the ovaries of a patient, the ovarian shields should be placed where?
1 inch medial to each ASIS
Which thickness of aluminum filtration will most decrease the patient’s skin dose?
2.5 mm
Using manual fixed fluoroscopic technology, which method will lessen patient dose?
Increase kVp and filtration
Is the radiographer meeting ALARA principles if images stay within recommended exposure index ranges, but are always at the high end of the range?
No, the radiographer should aim for the lowest index within range that produces an acceptable image.
The large amount of heat generated during x-ray production is primarily the result of which?
The bombardment of the target by high-speed electrons
Which characteristic of cells makes them more radiosensitive?
High reproductive rate
Which patient is most at risk for catastrophic embryonic damage from radiation?
A 46 yo that just found out she is 6 wks pregnant by her physician
Which may be effects of fetal irradiation? (4)
- Childhood and early adult cancers.
- Prenatal death.
- Developmental abnormalities.
- Growth retardation.
A 30 yo male was exposed to a large amount of radiation in an accident last week; he experienced general malaise, diarrhea, nausea, and vomitting 2 days after the initial exposure, but now feels fine and reports the symptoms have subsided. The patient’s presentation is mimicking which stage of acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?
Latent
image Which statements accurately describe the dose-response relationship depicted in the graph? (3)
- A response will be directly proportional to the radiation dose.
- A radiation dose below a certain point on the graph is completely safe.
- A response will occur only at doses of radiation above a specific point.
Who should stay in the patient’s room during a portable x-ray examination done in a hospital room?
Radiographers
What is the National Council on Radiation Protection’s (NCRP) recommended maximum annual equivalent dose to the general public for frequent exposure?
1 mSv
In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated, who should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose?
Radiologic Physicist
Which property describe x-rays?
Cause biological and chemical changes
When should a radiographer stand in the primary beam to restrain a patient?
Never
Fetal exposure, in excess of which level, warrants possible termination of a pregnancy?
250 mGy
How can the radiographer decrease radiation exposure when performing radiographic examinations on pediatric patients? (3)
- Use non-grid techniques.
- Decrease field size.
- Effectively communicate expectations to patient.
Which protective features are designed to reduce exposure to the patient during fluoroscopic procedures? (3)
- Foot switch.
- Five-minute reset timer.
- Automatic collimation.
What is the annual effective dose limit in mSv for a radiography student who is less than 18 yo?
1 mSv
What is the annual occupational effective dose limit for a 43 yo radiographer?
50 mSv
An electrically neutral sodium atom has 1 valence electron. What chemical event happens when the sodium atoms encounter a chlorine atom with 7 valence electrons?
Ionic bonding
What advantage does a TLD have over a film badge?
More accurate
Where should radiographers clip their radiation monitors when wearing an apron for fluoroscopy?
At the collar, outside of the lead apron
Hematologic depression is noted on blood tests of a patient who has had several radiation therapy treatments. What is the most probable minimum dose that this patient received?
0.25 Gy
A radiographer is using a c-arm to assist during an intrapreoperative left hip pinning. The surgeon asks for a lateral view, so the radiographer swings the c-arm to comply with this request. With the c-arm in this position, where should the radiographer stand to limit radiation exposure?
Six feet behind the image intesifier
Which items can be used as indicators of the quality of diagnostic x-ray beam (2)
- kVp.
- HVL.
How should the radiographer alter an AP or oblique lumbar spine projection in order to reduce generally significant dose (GSD) to the patient? (4)
- Use 85 kVp instead of 75 kVp.
- Perform PA instead of AP, and anterior obliques instead of posterior obliques.
- Use AEC and be sure the spine is positioned over the single, center cell.
- Employ gonadal shielding.
Which factors will result in greater x-ray attenuation? (3)
- Greater tissue density.
- Higher atomic number.
- Increased thickness of body part.
Which increases a radiographer’s radiation exposure?
Choosing low kVp, high mAs factors
Characteristic x-rays, which are useful in diagnostic radiography, are more likely to be produced when the projectile electron interacts with a bound electron in which shell?
K
As linear energy transfer (LET) increases, the ability of ionizing radiation to cause biologic effects does what?
Increases until it reaches maximum value
Which of these atoms or parts of atoms exhibits no charge?
Neutron
How much lead equivalence is required for fluoroscopic curtains?
0.25 mm
Which type of radiation causes cells to demonstrate the greatest increase in radiosensitivity when in an highly oxygenated state?
Diagnostic x-rays
How much total aluminum equivalent filtration is required for a fixed (not mobile) x-ray unit operating over 70 kVp?
2.5 mm
Under which condition might an x-ray photon be deviated from its original direction?
Interaction occurs
Which will decrease a radiographer’s occupational exposure most during an exam?
Double the distance between the radiographer and the source
