UWSA2 Flashcards
What is hydroquinone and what is it used for?
Inhibits the oxidation of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase, a key step in the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes.
-used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders (melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation)
What are the labs for DIC?
Increased PT/PTT, D-Dimer
Decreased platelets, fibrinogen
Schistocytes present
Most salmonella species produce hydrogen sulfide except for ?
Salmonella typhi
What are the nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids?
Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine, Proline, Glycine
Where do stem cells in the intestinal epithelium reside?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
The “Dine, Bines, and Sines” except for Tenofovir and Abacavir are what drug class?
Abacavir, Tenofovir, ZalcitaBINE, EmtricitaBINE, LamivuDINE, ZidovuDINE, StavuDINE, DidanoSINE are all NRTIs**
Protein abundant in arginine and lysine. Contains 30 amino acid alpha helical segment that consists of repeated leucine residues at every seventh position. What is this
Basic-region leucine zipper class of eukaryotic Transcription Factor
Where does the midbrain and aqueduct come from
Mesencephalon
What is the first cardiac response to exercise?
Increase in heart rate, which is mediated by decreased vagal tone on the heart as well as increased sympathetic stimulation
Where do the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon come from?
Rhombencephalon
What specific part of the 30s ribosomal subunit do aminoglycosides (gentamicin) inhibit?
16S ribosomal RNA within the 30s ribosomal subunit
Transtentorial/uncal herniations fuck up what nerve
CN III
Patient is being ventilated, they are accidentally hyperventilated, which results in excessive CO2 losses and respiratory alkalosis. What will the kidneys do? What is seen in urine?
Kidneys will respond by excreting bicarbonate. Urine will be alkaline
Which enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose to G6P in pancreatic beta cells?
Glucokinase
What drugs are cytostatic drugs that inhibit mTOR, blocking the cell cycle between the G1 and S phase to reduce smooth muscle proliferation? (Used in stents)
Everolimus (coating), and drugs sirolimus, zotarolimus
From birth until menarche, the primary oocytes are quiescent and arrested in?
Arrested in prophase of meiosis 1
Why are the metaphyses of long bones usually the locations of osteomyelitis in children
Highly vascularized with relatively slow blood flow through small metaphyseal capillary loops.
What is primary ovarian insufficiency and what is the pathophysiology?
Refers to amenorrhea in women under age 40 w/ elevated gonadotropins (FSH) and low estrogen levels. Likely due to inadequate supply of ovarian follicles or a premature depletion of these follicles.
-prior chemotherapy could cause premature follicular depletion by augmenting follicular atresia, which is a process of apoptosis
What does sustained hand gip, squatting, and passive leg raise do to the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Sustained hand grip: increase afterload
Squatting: Increase afterload and preload
Passive leg raise: increased preload
All lessen murmur intensity
What is imiquimod and how does it work?
Imiquimod is an imidazoquinoline nucleoside that acts as agonist of TLR 7,8 and leads to activation of NFkB.
-used as immunomodulator in the treatment of genital or perianal warts/condyloma acuminata and actinic keratosis
DeCEREbrate posturing seen in?
Pontine hemorrhages
What is the mechanism of NRTI’s?
Competitive nucleoside/nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors—> inhibits HIV DNA synthesis from RNA template by terminating DNA chain elongation
If a patient has low bisphosphoglycerate mutase activity, what will happen to their levels of 2,3-BPG? What is the overall result of this? EPO levels?
Low 2,3-BPG resulting in increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This would be a LEFT SHIFT, which hinders oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to increased erythropoietin and increased circulating red blood cell mass.
Overall, the patient’s hemoglobin will function like fetal hemoglobin which has a lower affinity for 2,3-BPG than adult hemoglobin and a curv that is shifted to the left.
What is the origin of the Pons, cerebellum, and upper 4th ventricle?
Metencephalon
What DNA polymerase is responsible for the removal of RNA primers and the synthesis of new DNA in their place?
DNA polymerase I
How does a Gq receptor work
Gq activated by ligand undergoes conformational change. Alpha subunit of the active G protein initially stimulates phospholipase C, which catalyzes the breakdown of membrane-bound inositol phospholipids into 2 second messenger products— IP3 and DAG
IP3 produces most of its effects by releasing stored calcium from the smooth ER.
Dag activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates downstream regulatory proteins and transcription factors
What changes the hemoglobin dissociation curve from sigmoid to ASYMTOTIC?
Carboxyhemoglobin
Pompe disease is caused by deficiency in which enzyme? What is the normal role of that enzyme, and what happens when mutated?
Acid a-glucosidase (acid maltase)
-Constitutively degrades small amounts of glycogen that become trapped in lysosomes. Defects in acid maltase cause glycogen to accumulate within lysosomes (PAS +) resulting in hypotonia, macroglossia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and death in infancy if untreated
How is stroke volume increased during exercise?
- EDV (preload) is increased resulting in increased stretch on myocytes increasing contractility
- Peripheral vascular resistance (afterload) is decreased during exercise as a result of vasodilation in muscles allows heart to empty more completely during systole resulting in decreased end-systolic volumes
- end-diastolic pressure is relatively unchanged during exercise because increased CO cancels hypotensive effect of vasodilation in exercising muscles
This disorder involves excessive thoughts or behaviors associated with one or more somatic symptoms, resulting in fuctional impairment
Somatic Symptom disorder
How does Hemoglobin F cause limited 2,3-BPG attachment?
Replacement of histidine by serine reduces positive charge of the binding pocket, limiting 2,3-BPG attachment
In an agglutination inhibition test, what does agglutination mean?
Negative result.
I 8
10 eggs
At 12
Inferior vena cava at T8
Esophagus at T10
Aorta at T12
EnFUvirtide class and mechanism
FUsion inhibitor. Inhibits HIV fusion w/ target cell membrane by binding to HIV gp 41
What part of the influenza plasma membrane mediates attachment to the host respiratory epithelium (sialic acid receptors)?
The glycoprotein hemagglutinin
Where are Lisch nodules located?
Iris hamartomas (lisch nodules) are locatedon the iris
What is the mnemonic for Sturge-Weber
SSTURGGE Sporadic port-wine Stain Tram track calcifications on opposing gyri Unilateral Retardation Glaucoma GNAQ gene Epilepsy
How does HIV reverse transcriptase work?
Converts HIV RNA into complementary double-stranded DNA
(cDNA)
Autosomal dominant familiarl cancer syndrome w/ DNA mismatch repair where patients have an increased risk of COLON, ENDOMETRIAL, and OVARIAN cancer
Lynch
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young is a group of autosomal dominant disorders that are due to mutations in?
Glucokinase (HK4, ie Hexokinase-4) gene or associated transcription factors
The first reaction of denovo pyrmidine synthesis combines glutamine, CO2, 2 ATP into carbamoyl phosphate. This is catalyzed by Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II. Where does this first step occur?
Cytosol
What are the gram (-) rods that show white colonies on MacConkey agar? (Ie lactose non-fermenters)
Oxidase + organisms including pseudomonas
Oxidase - organisms including shigella, salmonella, proteus
What would Valsalva (strain phase), abrupt standing, nitroglycerin administration do to a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patient?
Decrease preload, decrease LV volume, and increase murmur intensity