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Aa Shit You Don't Know > Neuro Lesions > Flashcards

Neuro Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

In normal pressure hydrocephalus, expansion of ventricles distorts the _____

A

fibers of the corona radiata

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2
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery causes:
Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss–face and upper limb.
Aphasia if in dominant hemisphere. Hemineglect if in nondominant hemisphere.

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

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3
Q

Sx:
headache, tinnitus, diplopia, no change in mental status, papilledema
Enlarged blind spot and peripheral constriction

A

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

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4
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Decreased pain and temperature sensation from contralateral body, ipsilateral face

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A.
Lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus
(Lateral Medulla)

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5
Q

Tx for restless leg syndrome?

A

Pramipexole, ropinirole

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6
Q

Stroke of the ____ artery causes:
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing;
alexia without agraphia (dominant hemisphere)

A

Posterior cerebral

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7
Q

Parinaud syndrome is caused by a lesion of the ______

A

dorsal midbrain

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8
Q

Athetosis (slow, snake-like, writhing movements; especially seen in fingers) is caused by a lesion of the ____

A

Basal Ganglia

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9
Q

Chorea (sudden, jerky, purposeless movements) is caused by a lesion of the ____

A

Basal Ganglia

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10
Q

May result in tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis

A

Lesion of Basal Ganglia (Parkinson disease, Huntington disease)

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11
Q

Visual hallucinations, dementia with fluctuating cognition/alertness, REM sleep behavior disorder, and parkinsonism

A

Lewy Body dementia

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12
Q

Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

A

Lesion of Nondominant parietal cortex

aka Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome

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13
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A.

Spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus (Lateral pons)

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14
Q

impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye; nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia

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15
Q

Confusion, ataxia, Nystagmus, Opthalmoplegia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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16
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A.

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Lateral Medulla)

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17
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is caused by a lesion of the ____

A

bilateral amygdalas

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18
Q

step-wise decline in cognitive ability with late-onset memory impairment.

A

vascular dementia

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19
Q

Triad of urinary incontinence, gait apraxia (magnetic gait), and cognitive dysfunction

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

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20
Q

Eyes look toward side of hemiplegia

A

Lesion of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular formation

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21
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, hiccups

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A.
Nucleus Ambiguus (CN IX, X, XI) (Lateral Medulla)
(specific to PICA)

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22
Q

inability to look toward the side of lesion

A

ipsilateral gaze palsy

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23
Q

Hypertensive hemorrhages (Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms) most often occur in ______, followed by thalamus, pons, and cerebellum.

A

putamen of basal ganglia (lenticulostriate vessels)

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24
Q

Locked-in syndrome is caused by disruption of the ___ artery

A

Basilar

pons, medulla, lower midbrain

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25
Q

A stroke of the ____ artery causes contralateral paralysis. Absence of cortical signs (eg neglect, aphasia, visual field loss)

A

lenticulostriate

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26
Q

Presents in a premature/low-birth-weight infant as altered level of consciousness, bulging fontanelle, hypotension, seizures, coma. Bleeding into ventricles.

A

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage

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27
Q

Called Lewy body dementia if cognitive and motor sx onset is less than ____ apart, otherwise considered dementia secondary to Parkinson disease

A

< 1 year

28
Q

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (eg, coma) is caused by a lesion of the ____ in the ____

A

Reticular activating system

midbrain

29
Q

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage originates in the germinal matrix and is due to _______ and _______ in premature infants.

A

reduced glial fiber support

impaired autoregulation of BP

30
Q

___ herniation can compress the anterior cerebral artery

A

Cingulate (subfalcine)

- under the falx cerebri

31
Q

Uncus = median ___ lobe

A

temporal

32
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Ipsilateral Horner syndrome

A 
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A. 
sympathetic fibers (Lateral Medulla)
33
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus

A 
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A. 
Vestibular nuclei (Lateral Medulla)
34
Q

____ posturing is caused by a lesion AT OR BELOW the red nucleus (of the midbrain)

A

Decerebrate (extensor)

- extension of upper and lower extremities

35
Q

Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes.

A

Frontal Lobe lesion

36
Q

Symptoms of ACom compression?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia (compression of optic chiasm); visual acuity deficits

37
Q

Symptoms of PCom compression?

A

ipsilateral CN III palsy –> mydriasis (“blown pupil”), may also have ptosis, “down and out” eye

38
Q

___ herniation can compress CN III, Posterior Cerebral A., and the paramedian A (Duret hemorrhages), leading to an ipsilateral blown pupil with contralateral hemiparesis

A

uncal transtentorial

39
Q

contralateral hemiballismus

A

lesion of subthalamic nucleus

40
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

Paralysis of face (LMN), decreased lacrimation, decreased salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

A 
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A. 
Facial nucleus (Lateral Medulla)
41
Q

Which type of posturing has a worse prognosis?

A

Decerebrate posturing

42
Q

Lateral Pontine syndrome is caused by disruption of the ___ artery

A

AICA

43
Q

lesion causes Intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance

A

cerebellar hemisphere lesion (ipsilateral deficits; fall towards side of lesion)

44
Q

Hemiballismus is caused by a lesion of the ____

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (lacunar stroke)

45
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery causes:
Quadriplegia and loss of horizontal (but not vertical eye movements)
RAS is spared = preserved consciousness

A

Basilar

46
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery causes:

Contralateral paralysis. Absence of cortical signs (eg, neglect, aphasia, visual field loss)

A

Lenticulostriate

47
Q

Lesion of ___ causes internuclear opthalmoplegia

A

Medial Longitudinal fasciculus

48
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

A 
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A. 
Sympathetic fibers (Lateral pons)
49
Q

Guillain barre syndrome is also known as what?

A

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy

50
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery at the _____ causes:

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar A.

Middle and Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles (Lateral pons)

51
Q

____ posturing is caused by a lesion ABOVE the red nucleus (of the midbrain)

A

Decorticate (flexor)

- flexion of upper extremities, extension of lower extremities

52
Q

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

A

Lesion of Dominant parietal cortex

aka Gertmann syndrome

53
Q

Symptoms of MCA rupture?

A

contralateral upper extremity and lower facial hemiparesis, sensory deficits

54
Q

Intention tremor is caused by a lesion of the ____;

Resting tremor is caused by a lesion of the ____.

A

Cerebellar dysfunction;

Substantia nigra

55
Q

disinhibited behavior (eg, hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality)

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

56
Q

Medial Medullary syndrome is caused by an infarct of the ______ and/or _____

A

paramedian branches of ASA

vertebral arteries

57
Q

___ herniation can lead to coma and death due to brainstem compression

A

Cerebellar tonsillar

- into the foramen magnum

58
Q

___ herniation can cause caudal displacement of the brain stem, leading to rupture of paramedian basilar artery branches –> Duret hemorrhages (usually fatal)

A

Central/ downward transtentorial

59
Q

Lesion of the ___ causes truncal ataxia (wide-based, “drunken sailor” gait), nystagmus

A

cerebellar vermis

- associated with chronic alcohol abuse

60
Q

Destructive lesion such as an MCA stroke: eyes look towards the side of the lesion (or at the hemiplegia). Irritative lesion such as seizures: eyes look at the shaking arm and leg.

A

Frontal eye field lesion

61
Q

Anterograde amnesia – inability to make new memories

A

Hippocampus (bilateral lesions)

62
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a lesion of the ______

A

bilateral Mammillary bodie

63
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery causes:
Contralateral paralysis–upper and lower limbs.
Decreased proprioception
Ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue deviates ipsilaterally)

A

Anterior Spinal Artery (aka Medial Medullary Syndrome)

64
Q

Symptoms of ACom rupture?

A

contralateral lower extremity hemiparesis, sensory dificits

65
Q

vertical gaze palsy, pupillary light-near dissociation, lid retraction, convergence-retraction nystagmus

A

Parinaud syndrome

66
Q

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is caused by disruption of the ___ artery

A

PICA

67
Q

Stroke of the ___ artery causes:

Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss–lower limb, urinary incontinence.

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

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