UWorld Flashcards
phosphate groups are most often added to which functional group?
hydroxyl group (-OH)
where does phosphorylation most typically occur?
on hydroxyl groups (-OH)
which amino acids are most easily phosphorylated?
those with hydroxyl groups
(serine, threonine, tyrosine)
allosteric effectors
bind to proteins at one site and cause a conformational change at another site
SDS PAGE
separates proteins by size (molecular weight)
smaller fragments travel faster / further
proteases
degrade proteins into smaller fragments
by hydrolyzing peptide bonds
what does Kd stand for
dissociation constant
small Kd value = ….
high binding affinity
low tendency for the complex to dissociate
what is the bond that connects amino acids in a protein
peptide bonds
thermodynamic stability of a bond…
refers to its tendency to form or break in chemical reactions
a thermodynamically stable bond…
a bond that forms during a spontaneous reaction
a thermodynamically unsdtable bond forms during a – reaction
forms during a** nonspontaneous** reaction
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non-spontaneous reactions
require energy input in order to proceed4
ATP hydrolysis
the breakdown of ATP to ADP + Pi via the addition of water
thermodynamically stable reaction
spontaneous; proceed without the addition of energy
do not necessarily proceed quickly
what classs of macromolecule are antibodies?
proteins
kinetically stable bonds…
the breakdown of their bonds have slow reaction rates (high activation energy)
antibodies bind via …
noncovalent interactions
precision
when similar results are obtained from trial to trial
whether or not they are accurate
accuracy
accuracy describes how close results reflect and represent a real-world value, assessed by comparison to a “gold standard”
validity
a study is valid if it results are both precise and accurate
what does Kcat represent?
the turnover number: the number of subsrate molecules converted to product pr enzyme per unit of time when the enzyme is saturated with product
enzyme equation: Vmax = …
