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UWA1 Flashcards

1
Q

acute onset lung dysfunction, pulmonary edema, normal LA pressure and PaO2/FIO2

A

ARDS

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2
Q

pathogenesis of ARDS

A

injury to the endothelial cells that allows fluid to enter the alveoli leading to respiratory compromise during initial exudative stage. Followed by proliferative stage where edema resolves and there is proliferation of type II pneumocytes

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3
Q

What does ARDS look like on CXR

A

Near complete opacification with obscured cardiomediastinal sihoulette. Fluffy, diffuse, alveolar infiltrates

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4
Q

cardiac conduction velocity

A

Purkinje > Atrial > Ventricular > AV node

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5
Q

what bone tumor is associated with Paget’s disease?

A

Osteosarcoma

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6
Q

Characteristic findings of osteosarcoma

A

periosteal elevation and reactive new bone formation. Ossification of soft tissue in a sunburst pattern

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7
Q

what pharmacological agent increaes risk of avascular necrosis

A

Glucocorticoids

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8
Q

sunchondral radiolucent line of the femoral head

A

avascular necrosis

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9
Q

Bony eburnation, joint mice, bony outgrowths at the articular margins

A

Osteoarthritis

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10
Q

immune complex deposition, neutrophil accumulation in synovial fluid, pannus formation

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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11
Q

Presence of endometrial glands outside of uterus

A

Endometriosis

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12
Q

Whorled smooth muscle bundles with intervening connective tissue on biopsy

A

Leiomyoma

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13
Q

DNA fragments of 180bp on gel electrophoresis

A

DNA laddering due to apoptosis (cleaves DNA at iinker regions)

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14
Q

Physostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor “Phyxes” atropine overdose

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15
Q

Atropine

A

muscarinic antagonist. Increases AcH. Pupil dilation, decreased secretions, decreased gut motility

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16
Q

Pralidoxime

A

Reactivates cholinesterase (antidote for organophosphate poisoning)

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17
Q

Pyridostimine

A

anti-cholinesterase (increases AcH) in myastenia gravis (gets rid of MG)

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18
Q

not seeing clearing, asking for water due to extreme thirst

A

Hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. Anti-cholinergic syndrome

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19
Q

fever, dry skin, flushing, mydriasis, cycloplegia, AMS

A

Anticholinergic syndrome

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20
Q

Drugs associated with anticholinergic syndrome

A

antihistamine (diphenhydramine), chlorpromazine, olanzapine, amitryline, desipramine

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21
Q

CNS depression, seizures, pinpoint pupils

A

Heroin OD

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22
Q

CNS stimulation, mydriasis

A

Cocaine OD

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23
Q

two or more genetically different cell lines within the body

A

Mosaicism

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24
Q

genetic mutation is identified in offspring but NOT parents

A

Germline mosaicism

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25
Q

Pleiotropy

A

impact of a single gene on multiple phenotypes

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26
Q

t(15:17)

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

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27
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma. Round nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm containing lipid vacuoles (starry sky)

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28
Q

t(9:22)

A

CML (immature myeloid)

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29
Q

t(12;21)

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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30
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphoma (malignant cells with notches or clefts) BCl-2

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31
Q

which adhesion molecules bind intermediate filaments to form adherens junction and desmosomes

A

Cadherins

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32
Q

easy flushing, persistent erythema, telangiectasia and sensitivity to sunlight

A

Rosacea

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33
Q

Blue vioet dermal plaque that starts on feet and spreads proximally

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

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34
Q

blunt trauma to lateral knee

A

Common peroneal injury

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35
Q

vessel at risk for injury in a knee dislocation

A

Popliteal artery

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36
Q

Fever, uterine tenderness, foul smelling discharge, leukocytosis following delivery

A

Bacteroides (endometritis)

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37
Q

Sublimation

A

Converting unacceptable feelings or drives into more acceptable ones

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38
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting feelings or conflicts associated with one situation to another

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39
Q

Acting out

A

Expressing unconcious wishes or impulses through actions (temper tantrums)

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40
Q

Projection

A

individual attributes own unacceptable thoughts and feelings to another

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41
Q

Facilitation

A

encouraging the patient to talk more about his or her experience “tell me how”

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42
Q

Sildenafil

A

PDE5 inhibitor that promotes erection by relaxing venous sinus smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa

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43
Q

atherosclerosis of bilateral intracranial portions of ICA can cause what visual changes

A

Binasal hemianopsia ( b/l pressure on optichiasm)

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44
Q

Flashblacks, hypervigilance following a life treatening event LESS than 4 weeks

A

Acute Stress disorder

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45
Q

2 or more of (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, negative sxs) at least 1 month but less than 6

A

Schizophreniform

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46
Q

pervasive pattern of behavior including odd believes, telepathy, superstition, bizarre fantasy

A

Schizotypal ( no hallucination)

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47
Q

no desire for close relationships with family, friends

A

Schizoid

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48
Q

False positive rate

A

1-specificity

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49
Q

urine darkens on exposure to sunlight

A

AIP defect in HMB synthase (aka prophobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen I)

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50
Q

First heart sound

A

AV valves are closed (systole)

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51
Q

Second heart sound

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves are closed (end of systole)

52
Q

3rd heart sound

A

filling of ventricles in mid-diastole (resulting from sudden deceleration of blood) in ventricular failure

53
Q

pleural fluid protein>0.5, pleural fluid LDH >0.6

54
Q

Burr cells, echinocytes

A

RBC with multiple projections seen in uremia or pyruvate kinase deficiency

55
Q

Which tumor is associated with myastenia gravis?

56
Q

difficulty chewing, diplopia

A

Myastenia gravis ( ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, fatigable chewing are common presenting s/s)

57
Q

cyst on lateral neck that is connected to skin via a sinus tract

A

second branchial cleft

58
Q

DKA labs

A

Hyperkalemia ( d/t H+K+ pump) Decreased sodium due to osmotic diuresis (leads to sodium and water loss)

59
Q

Cryptorchid testes, no axillary or pubic hair, no ovaries or uterus

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

60
Q

Intraventricular hemorrhage

A

Often begins in germinal matrix ( highly cellular and vascular subventricular region that generates neurons and glia during development)

61
Q

Tx for NSAID induced peptic ulcers

A

Misoprostol (PGE1 analog) that decreases gastric acid secretion

62
Q

Mechanism of ASA sensitive asthma

A

COX-1 inhibition causes increased lipoxygenase (LTC4,D4,E4) leading to bronchocontstriction

63
Q

mutations in different genes cause similar phenotype

A

genetic heterogeneity

64
Q

mutations in same gene result in different phenotypes

A

phenotypic heterogeneity

65
Q

proportion of individuals with a given genotype that express the associated phenotype

A

Penetrance

66
Q

t(11:22)

A

Ewing Sarcoma

67
Q

X linked agammaglobulinemia

A

Defect in signal transduction in BTK gene (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) B cells can’t leave bone marrow to enter circulation so antibodies are not produced

68
Q

what normally maintains the high levels of testosterone in the semiferous tubules

A

ABP Androgen binding protein (secreted by sertoli cells)

69
Q

Red safranin O stain

A

cartilage, mast cell granules and mucin

70
Q

Change in pH, PaCO2 in PE

A

hypoxemia leads to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis

71
Q

cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, bleeding

A

Endometriosis

72
Q

african american female with menorrhagia, pelvic pain

73
Q

crampy abdominal pain, tenderness to palpation, bloody stool

A

Ischemic colitis

74
Q

Fasting hypoglycemia and low blood ketones

A

deficiency in acyl-coA dehydrogenase (fatty acid metabolism)

75
Q

Fasting hypoglycemia and excessive accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidneys

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

76
Q

hypoglycemia and hyperketosis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle in muscle and Hers in Liver)

77
Q

increase in amount of enzymes

A

increases Vmax

78
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

increase Km (takes more substrate to reach 1/2 Vmax)

79
Q

Rosiglitazone

A

PPAR that induces transcription of insulin responsive genes (GLUT4 transporter), does not promote insulin release

80
Q

Glyburide

A

Sulfonylurea that closes K+ channels in pancreatic B cell membrane inducing depolarization stimulating insulin release

81
Q

most frequent site affected in Crohn’s

A

terminal ileum

82
Q

How does Cimetidine affect p450

A

inhibits p450

83
Q

cramping pain in calf, thinned skin, shiny colored skin, hair loss, nail changes

A

Peripheral arterial disease

84
Q

Hemangioblastoma, clear cell renal carcinoma

A

Von Hippel Lindau

85
Q

where is broca’s area?

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

86
Q

Where is wernicke’s area

A

Superior temporal gyrus

87
Q

Good comprehension, non-fluent speech and poor repetition

A

Broca’s aphasia

88
Q

Fluent speech, Poor comprehension, poor repetition

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

89
Q

Dilation of afferent arteriole

A

increase RPF and GFR

90
Q

Dilation of the efferent arteriole

A

increase RPF and decrease GFR

91
Q

Constriction of afferent arteriole

A

Decrease RPF and GFR

92
Q

Dilation of both afferent and efferent arterioles

A

Increase RPF and decrease GFR

93
Q

unmyelinated nerves

A

C fibers. Heat sensation, slow, dull, burning or visceral pain, autonomic post-ganglionic nerve

94
Q

Delusions for 1 month, but able to function apart from delusions

A

Delusional Disorder

95
Q

Mechanism of action for Flucytosine

A

Inhibits thymidylate synthetase

96
Q

white patches of thinned skin on the labia, pruritus, dysuria, pain with defecation

A

Lichen sclerosus ( cigarette paper thin)

97
Q

white, curd like malodorous discharge

A

candidiasis

98
Q

neonatal hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, hypogonadism

A

Loss of paternally inherited chr. 15 ( both from mother)

99
Q

Epilepsy/seizures, ataxia, inappropriate laughter

A

Loss of maternally inheritaed allel ( both from father)

100
Q

amenorrhea, obesity, hirsutism, virilization, peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidemia

101
Q

PCOS

A

Increase LH, causes theca cells to produce more androgens. FSH isdecreased and unable to aromatize androgen to Estrogen in granulosa cell

102
Q

pilocarpine

A

cholinomimetic. Contracts ciliary muscle of the eye. Resistant to AChE

103
Q

Cholinesterase poisoning

A

Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Bradycardia, Excitation of skeletal muscle, Lacrimation, Sweating, Salivation

104
Q

pernicious anemia

A

immune destruction of gastric mucosa leads to hypochlorhydria which causes an increase in gastrin levels.

105
Q

pigmented mucocutaneous macules and hamartomatous polyps

A

Peutz-Jerghers

106
Q

what are common heart malformations associated with DiGeorge

A

Truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallor or interrupted aortic arch

107
Q

Cells that look like “wrinkled” tissue

108
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, bone pain, bone fractures

A

Gaucher ( accumulation of glucocerebroside)

109
Q

weakness, loss of motor skills, cherry red macula

A

Tay Sachs ( hexoaminidase A) causes accumulation of GM2

110
Q

Decreased ability to sweat, corneal changes, angiokeratoma

A

Fabry ( a-galactosidase A deficiency) causes Ceramide trihexoside to accumulate

111
Q

Progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, lipid laden macrophages

A

Niemann Pick ( sphingomyelinase deficiency) causes sphingomyelin to accumulate

112
Q

Peipheral neuropathy with dementia

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (arylsulfatase A deficiency) Cerebroside sulfate accumulates

113
Q

LTB4

A

chemotaxis

114
Q

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

A

vasoconstriction, increase vascular permeability, bronchospasms (pro-inflammatory)

115
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

prothrombotic ( vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation)

116
Q

Prostacyclin

A

Antithrombotic (vasodilation and decrease platelet aggregation)

117
Q

Prostaglandin D2 and E2

A

Edema formation ( vasodilation, increase vascular permeability)

118
Q

Transformation

A

bacteria take up naked DNA and imcorporate it into genome

119
Q

Conjucation

A

DNA is passed from one bacterium to another by direct cell to cell interaction ( sex pillus)

120
Q

Transdunction

A

bacteriophage mediated transfer of genetic information

121
Q

high anion gap acidosis

A

normal -10-14. Methanol, uremia, DKA, Propylene glycol, INH, Lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol, salicylates

122
Q

Sarcomere

123
Q

Scarcomere thin only

124
Q

Sarcomere thick only

125
Q

Sarcomere overlap

126
Q

fatigue, candidiasis, gingival bleeding, retinal hemorrhage

A

Pancytopenia

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