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PODT- Microbiology > UTIs > Flashcards

UTIs Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meany by polyuria

A

presence of white blood cells in the urine

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2
Q

What is meant by noscomial

A

Caused by more anti-microbial resistant strains

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3
Q

How does E coli cause a UTI

A

P fimbriae attach to the urological epithelium

ascends the renal tract to cause pyelonephritis

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4
Q

What group does e coli belong to?

A

Enterobacteriacae gram -ve

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5
Q

when do UTIs occur?

A

pathogen virulence increases

host defence mechanism decreases

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6
Q

What are factors that affect a pathogen?

A

Motility mediator- flagella powers directional movement
Adhesions- fimbria allow attachment to host epithelium
Toxins - destroy host tissue and cause system instability
Invasins- protease breakdown host epithelial barrier
Immune escape mediators- disguise bacteria from immune recognition
Biofilm production- shield bacteria from immune attack

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7
Q

what alters the periurethral area?

A 
Systemic antibiotics 
prolonged hospitalisation 
oestrogen deficiency 
low vaginal pH
low cervical IgA
spermicides
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8
Q

what is the role of urethra

A

extra protective factors in males

urethra lining secretes antibacterial peptides

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9
Q

What are symptoms of urethritis?

A

Infection of urethra
irritation and dysuria
occasional discharge

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10
Q

treatment for STIs caused by chalydia tochamatis

A

arithromycin or doxycycline

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11
Q

treatment for neisseria gonorrhoea

A

certftriaxone and/or azithrymycin

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12
Q

What investigations for urethritis

A

urine- microbiological culture + swab for PCR

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13
Q

what can cause prostatitis?

A

e coli
entercoccus faecalis
proteus species
GI pathogens

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14
Q

treatment for prostatitis

A

ciprofloracin or co-trimoxazole `

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15
Q

define lower UTI

A

Infection between the urethra and the uretrovesical junction

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16
Q

define upper UTI

A

infection above the ureterovesical junction

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17
Q

cystitis risk factors

A

ineffective voiding
smoking
diabetes mellitus
sexual intercourse

18
Q

What is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

19
Q

How does ineffective voiding contribute to cystitis

A

bladder outflow obstruction
memory impairment
neurological deficit

20
Q

How does smoking contribute to cystitis

A

causes a chemical intersitial cystitis

21
Q

How does diabetes mellitus contribute to cystitis

A

raised urinary glucose feeds bacterial growth

22
Q

How doe sexual inercourse contribute to cystitis

A

delivers pathogens to urethral entry

23
Q

Presntation of cystitis

A 
Urinating is painful, frequent, urgent 
Urine that is bloody, turbid, foul- smelling 
Fever
confusion 
abdominal pain
24
Q

What investigations are rewuired for cystitis?

A

Urinalysis - urine dipstic
urine microscopy - pyuria/ bacteruria
imaging

25
Q

Why might nitrates be false -ve?

A

due to diuretic use or low dietry intake of nitrate

26
Q

What imaging is required for cystitis?

A

CT / ultrasound of renal tracts
looking for - anatomical abnormality
renal stones
tumour

27
Q

management of cystitis

A

hydration
glycaemia control in diabetes
antibiotic therapy

28
Q

examples of antibiotic therapy for cystitis

A

nitrofuranatoin
trimethoprim
privmecillinam
cephalaxin

29
Q

prophylaixs of cysitis

A

genitial hygeine
post coital voiding
avoidance of diaphragm
estrial vaginal cream for post menopausal

30
Q

What is pyelonephritis also known as?

A

kidney infection

31
Q

What are risk factors of pyelonephritis

A

cystitis

interference with ureter peristalsis

32
Q

classic presentation of pyelonephritis

A

fevers/rigors
flank pain
nausea and vomiting

33
Q

investigation for pyelonephritis

A

same measures as cystitis
blood cultures
imaging- USS/ CT of renal tract

34
Q

Managment of pyelonephritis

A

ressucitation
empirical antimicrobial therapy
targeted antimicrobial therapy

35
Q

treatment for pyelonephritis

A

IV pipercillin- tazobactam
IV/PO- ciprofloxacin
IV- gentamicin

36
Q

what is a complicated UTI

A

factors that will increase the chance of acquiring bacteria and decrease the efficacy of therapy

37
Q

problems with complicated UTIs

A

structural/functional abnormality of the urinary tract
immunocompromised host
hypervirulent or resistant bacteria

38
Q

how to diagnose asymptomatic bacteruria

A

clean catch urine with >100,000 CFU/ml of the same organism

39
Q

who gets treatment for asymptomatic bacteruria

A

pregnant women

and patients awaiting urological surgery/procedure

40
Q

when do you not use a dipstick to diagnose a UTI

A

when a catheter is present

PODT- Microbiology (18 decks)

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