Respiratory Tract Infections

Question 1

examples of URTI

Answer 1

Sinusitis
Ottis media
Pharyngytiis
Epiglottitis

Question 2

examples of LRTIs

Answer 2

Larygngitis
Tracheitis
bronchiolitis
pneumonia

Question 3

What type of viruses are associated with the common cold?

Answer 3

Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
coronavirus

Question 4

What causes the sneezing and coughing?

Answer 4

mucosal irritation

Question 5

What infections can result from the common cold?

Answer 5

Rhinitis
Laryngitis
pharyngitis
sinusitis

Question 6

Cause of ottis media

Answer 6

Strep pneumoniae

h influenza

Question 7

Treatment for ottis media

Answer 7

Amoxicillin

Question 8

DIfference in ottis media and sinusits

Answer 8

OM more common in kids

Sinusitis has pain/fever/ localised tendereness

Question 9

acute epiglottitiss?

Answer 9

iflamamation of epiglottis - blockage of airway

EMERGENCY INCUBATE!!

Question 10

treatment for acute epiglottitis

Answer 10

antibiotics- cefotaxime

Incubate

Question 11

Diagnosis of epiglottitis

Answer 11

Blood culture

Question 12

cause of epiglottitis

Answer 12

H influenza capsular type B

Question 13

What is parotitis also known as?

Answer 13

Mumps

Question 14

cause of pharyngitis

Answer 14

Epstein barr virus leading to glandular fever
streptococcus pyogenes
diptheria ( serious toxin) - heart and brain damage

Question 15

Laryngitis and tracheitis causes

Answer 15

Croup

Question 16

What is croup

Answer 16

Larygnotracheobronchitis causing stridor due to laryngeal narrowing in young children

Question 17

Treatment for laryngitis/tracheitis

Answer 17

Paracetamol and fluids
corticosteroids
adrenaline
( depending on the severity)

Question 18

What does streptococcus pyogenes lead to/

Answer 18

Pharyngitis

scarlet fever

Question 19

Treatment for pharyngitis and scarlet fever

Answer 19

pencillin

erythromycin

Question 20

what is diptheria

Answer 20

Toxin producing strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 21

Treatmenf for diptheria

Answer 21

Antitoxin + antibiotic

Question 22

bacteria responsible for whooping cough

Answer 22

bordetella pertusis

Question 23

symptoms of whooping cough

Answer 23

catarrhal illnesss and then paroxysyms of coughs

lobar segemental collapse of the lungs

Question 24

treatment for whooping cough

Answer 24

Vaccine

erythromycin

Question 25

WHat is acute bronchitis

Answer 25

Viral infection which can trigger a bacterial infection

Question 26

acute exacerbation of bronchitis can lead to?

Answer 26

COPD

Question 27

Bacteria involved in acute bronchitis

Answer 27

Strep pneumoniae staph aureus h influenza

Question 28

Treatment for acute bronchitis

Answer 28

Antibiotics Bronchodilators Steroids

Question 29

Bronchiolitis ?

Answer 29

Narrowing of the bronchioles

Question 30

Symptoms of bronchiolitis

Answer 30

wheezing presentation

Question 31

Main agent of bronchiolitis?

Answer 31

RSV

Question 32

What can bronchiolitis lead to?

Answer 32

intersitial pneumoniae

Question 33

What is given to children with heart and lung problems to prevent against RSV

Answer 33

Paluvizemab - monclonal antibody | given in winter

Question 34

What treatment is used for RSV when severe

Answer 34

Ribarvirin

Question 35

What bacteria is involved in pneumonia

Answer 35

``` Strep pneumoniae legionella pneumoniae mycoplasma + chlamydia h influenza staph areus ```

Question 36

What is key when diagnosising pneumoniae

Answer 36

Sputum sample

Question 37

lobar pneumoniae

Answer 37

Distinct region/lobe of lung | Bacterial

Question 38

Bronchopneumoniae

Answer 38

Patchy consolidation - may spread throughout the lungs as a result bacterial

Question 39

intersitial pneumoniae

Answer 39

invasion of lung intersitium | viral

Question 40

Lung abscess

Answer 40

cavitation and destruciton of the lung parenhyma | bacterial

Question 41

what is meant by typical pneumonia

Answer 41

lobar pneumonia caused by strep pneumonia | staph aureus/ h influenza - but not as common

Question 42

symptoms of typical pneumonia

Answer 42

Productive cough - rust coloured sputum

Question 43

What to look for for pneumonia

Answer 43

Confusion Urea > 7 mmol/L low systolic Blood pressure <90 or diastolic below 60 65> age

Question 44

What is atypical pneumonia

Answer 44

from atypical agents - mycoplasma pneumonia + legionella pneumonia

Question 45

Symptoms of atypical pneumonia

Answer 45

extrapulmonary dry cough no evidence of lobar consolodation

Question 46

how is pneumonia diagnosed?

Answer 46

``` blood - WCC- DWCC- CRP blood culture resp secretions Viral - pcr bacterial - gram stains urine test for antigens- legionella + pneumococcus ```

Question 47

primary infection of myobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 47

Asymptomatic Due to T cells repsonse remains dormant and can reactivate

Question 48

Test for TB

Answer 48

Sputum sample Culture PCR

Question 49

Treatment for TB

Answer 49

3 drug combination to prevent resistance

Question 50

When is TB more likely to reactivate

Answer 50

when immunocompromised

Question 51

Bacteria for cystic fibrosis in order of age

Answer 51

staph aureus pseudomonas burkhoderia cepacia

Question 52

what is meant by antigenic drift?

Answer 52

Accumulation of point mutations secreted by population immunity

Question 53

what is meant by antigenic shift?

Answer 53

Sudden new virus - reassortment between human and animal influenza virus

Question 54

What is Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer 54

fungus leading to high fatality pneumonia

Question 55

Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer 55

PCR

Question 56

treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer 56

co- trimoxazole