UTI II Flashcards
which condition is characterized by “homogenous, adherent, thin, milky white, ‘fishy-smelling’“ discharge
bacterial vaginosis
which condition is characterized by “thick, clumpy, white ‘cottage-cheese-consistency’“ discharge
Candidiasis
which condition is characterized by “frothy, gray or yellow-green” discharge
Trichomoniasis
list 2 risk factors for Candida infection
- disruption to microbiota
- changes in host immunity
adhesins in Candida have ___-like sequence proteins, particular ___
adhesins in Candida have agglutinin-like sequence proteins, particular Als3
Candida have ___ sensing and ____ which is directional ___ growth
Candida have contact sensing and thigmotropism which is directional hyphal growth
part of the pathogenesis of Candida is its production of ____
part of the pathogenesis of Candida is its production of hydrolases (lipases, phospolipases, proteases)
part of Candida’s pathogenesis is its ___ acquisition
part of Candida’s pathogenesis is its iron acquisition
diagnosis of Candida is by culture on ___ and seeing ____
diagnosis of Candida is by culture on 10% KOH and seeing pseudohyphase and/or budding yeast (conidia)
bacterial vaginosis occurs due to ____ and is (monomicrobial or polymicrobial?)
bacterial vaginosis occurs due to overgrowth of microbiota and is polymicrobial
bacterial vaginosis occurs due to ___, often by ____
name 3 potential organisms
bacterial vaginosis occurs due to overgrowth of microbiota, often by anaerobes
-Haemophilus spp.
-Gardnerella vaginalis
-Bacteroides spp.
the overgrowth of microbiota in bacterial vaginosis correlates with ____
the overgrowth of microbiota in bacterial vaginosis correlates with a decrease in/loss of protective lactobacilli
polymicrobial bacterial vaginosis is facilitated by the production of ____ which enable adhesion and colonization
polymicrobial bacterial vaginosis is facilitated by the production of mucin-degrading enzymes which enable adhesion and colonization
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by using the ___ criteria
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by using the Amsel criteria
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by a positive amine or ___ test
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by a positive amine or whiff test
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by determining a pH > ____ and presence of ___ on wet mount
bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed by determining a pH > 4.5 and presence of clue cells on wet mount
clue cells are epithelial cells covered with _____
clue cells are epithelial cells covered with small G-ve/Gram-variable rods
a less commonly used form of diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is ____ scoring
a less commonly used form of diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is Nugent’s scoring
____ is the only protozoan parasite that infects the genital tract
T. vaginalis is the only protozoan parasite that infects the genital tract
T. vaginalis is a ___ trophozite and has 4 ___ plus ____ membrane
T. vaginalis is a flagellated trophozite and has 4 flagella plus undulating membrane
T. vaginalis lacks ___ and therefore undergoes only ____ metabolism
T. vaginalis lacks mitochondria and therefore undergoes only anaerobic metabolism
T. vaginalis undergoes conversion to ____ form from its normal ___ form
T. vaginalis undergoes conversion to amoebal form from its normal flagellated trophozoite form
T. vaginalis in the amoebal form causes cell lysis in order to release ___ since the parasites can’t synthesize it
T. vaginalis in the amoebal form causes cell lysis in order to release lipids since the parasites can’t synthesize it
T. vaginalis is able to evade the immune system by degrading ___ and ___ as well as producing ____ cytokines such as ____
T. vaginalis is able to evade the immune system by degrading IgG and IgAas well as producing immuno-suppressive cytokines such as IL-10
T. vaginalis is cultured on ____ media which was previously the gold standard
T. vaginalis is cultured on Diamond’s media which was previously the gold standard
___ is added to the Diamond’s media in order to look for ____
10% KOH is added to the Diamond’s media in order to look for motile trophozoites
___ is now the gold standard of diagnosing T. vaginalis
nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is now the gold standard of diagnosing T. vaginalis
Neisseria gonorrhea is a (G+ve/G-ve?) diplococci
Neisseria gonorrhea is a G-ve diplococci
what is the shape of N. gonorrhea?
diplococci, aka “coffee bean” shape
N. gonorrhoeae have specialized ____ that mediate its attachment to mucosal surfaces
N. gonorrhoeae have specialized antigenically variable pili that mediate its attachment to mucosal surfaces. These surface-associated pili vary continually so that an effective immune response cannot be mounted. This is the reason why individuals can be repeatedly infected.
describe N. gonorrhea infection in men vs. women
men: acute, symptomatic urethritis
women: asymptomatic cervicitis
in men, N. gonorrhea undergoes ____-mediated attachment and invasion of ___ cells which triggers the release of ____
in men, N. gonorrhea undergoes pilus-mediated attachment and invasion of urethral cells which triggers the release of pro-inflammatory mediators
in women, N. gonorrhea attach via ___ and then come in contact with ____ proteins
in women, N. gonorrhea attach via pilus and then come in contact with cervical complement proteins
in women, ____ rapidly binds to bacterial surface of N. gonorrhea but is inactivated to ___ by ____
in women, C3b rapidly binds to bacterial surface of N. gonorrhea but is inactivated to iC3b by fH (Factor H)
____ that now coats the bacterial surface, binds to ____ receptor present on cervical cells which ultimately leads to NO ____
iC3b that now coats the bacterial surface, binds to CR3 receptor present on cervical cells which ultimately leads to NO release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
summarize the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhea in men vs. women
describe the role of LOS in virulence and pathogenesis in N. gonorrhea
the LOS seen in N. gonorrhea is distinguished from LPS by the absence of ____
the LOS seen in N. gonorrhea is distinguished from LPS by the absence of repeating O-antigen subunits
the LOS of N. gonorrhea contributes to virulence by damaging _____ cells via release of _____
the LOS of N. gonorrhea contributes to virulence by damaging mucosal cells via release of release of damaging enzymes (proteases)
the LOS in N. gonorrhea triggers ____ production which causes further ____ influx
the LOS in N. gonorrhea triggers cytokine production which causes further PMN influx (cytokine release and inflammation)
for women, N. gonorrhea is cultured on ____ agar with ____
for women, N. gonorrhea is cultured on modified Thayer-Martin agar with CO2 (capneic)
the diagnosis of N. gonorrhea infection in males is by ____
the diagnosis of N. gonorrhea infection in males is by Gram staining of pus smear (can’t do this in females because normal flora of vaginal tract can give false readings)
N. gonorrhea carry conjugative plasmid that encodes ____ which is a ____
N. gonorrhea carry conjugative plasmid that encodes TEM-1 which is a penicillinase
summarize the differences between. N. gonorrhea and N. meningitidis
