UT disorders

Question 1

what 3 hormones does the kidney produce?

Answer 1

erythropoietin, renin, calcitriol (active vit D)

Question 2

what are some causes of kidney disease:

Answer 2

DM, HTN, Glomerular diseases, Autoimmune diseases, Infection-related diseases, Sclerotic diseases, Inherited/Congenital Kidney diseases, Poisons or Traumas

Question 3

signs/symptoms of kidney disease

Answer 3

proteinuria, hematuria, peripheral edema, hypoproteinemia, anemia, decreased
GFR, HTN

Question 4

how is kidney disease diagnosed

Answer 4

ID of causative systemic disease, US, and biopsy

Question 5

tests for kidney disease?

Answer 5

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

Question 6

BUN and creatinine are indication of what?

Answer 6

50% loss of renal function, NOT early renal disease.

Question 7

BUN can be elevated with:

Answer 7

dehydration, heart failure, GI hemorrhage, large protein meal, ketoacidosis (DM)

Question 8

when is creatinine elevated?

Answer 8

with ketoacidosis, drugs (apsirin, etc)

Question 9

when is creatinine reduced?

Answer 9

with advanced age, cachexia, liver disease, shcok, nephrotoxicity, acute/chronic GN, HNT nephrosclerosis, polycystic kidneys

Question 10

___ is the best indicator of kidney function

Answer 10

GFR

Question 11

chronic kidney disease signs and symptoms?

Answer 11

fatigue, poor concentration, poor appetite, insomnia, nocturnal muscle cramping,
peripheral and periocular edema, dry/itchy skin, increased frequency and nocturia

Question 12

chronic kidney disease risk factors?

Answer 12

DM, HTN, family history of CKD, >65yo, AA

Question 13

treatment of chornic kidney disease

Answer 13

limit t protein and sodium and potassium if levels are getting elevated, decrease high cholesterol, quit smoking

Question 14

prognosis of chronic kidney disease

Answer 14

By stage 4 and stage 5, patient will need dialysis or transplant.

Question 15

what are different types of UT disorders?

Answer 15

Cystitis, Interstitial cystitis, Pyelonephritis, Nephrolithiasis, Renal CA, Renal
Failure

Question 16

symptoms of UT disorders in general

Answer 16

urgency/frequency/nocturia, suprapubic/lower ab pain/pressure, flank pain, dysuria/obstructive voiding Sx, subjective changes in color/odor, incontinence, systemic Sx of infection (chills, fever, N/V, hematuria)

Question 17

frequency of UT disorders? (increased/decreased with?)

Answer 17

Increased: DM or insipidus, excess fluids, diuretics
• Decreased: outlet obstruction, neurogenic, extrinsic compression,
psychological factors

Question 18

what is proteinuria a sign of?

Answer 18

worsening kidney function–> glomerulonephritis. (microalbuminuria at first small amounts in urine with UT disorders)

Question 19

what does hematuria indicate?

Answer 19

bladder cancer unless proven otherwise

Question 20

causes of hematuria?

Answer 20

SITT–> stone, infection, trauma, tumor (also menstruation, exercise, BPH, meds, rare disease)

Question 21

pseudohematuria from?

Answer 21

beets, food coloring, certain meds

Question 22

PE/lab tests for UT disorders

Answer 22

urinalysis, urine C&S, CBC, CMP, PSA, IVP, renal biopsy, US, and other renal imaging

Question 23

types of casts and what they indicate

epithelial cells

Answer 23

acute tubular necrosis

Question 24

types of casts and what they indicate:

RBC

Answer 24

glomerulnephritis

Question 25

types of casts and what they indicate

WBC

Answer 25

pyelonephritis

Question 26

types of casts and what they indicate

hyaline/mucoprotein

Answer 26

chronic renal disease

Question 27

types of casts and what they indicate: granular or waxy

Answer 27

severe renal disease

Question 28

types of casts and what they indicate: fatty

Answer 28

nephrotic syndrome