prostate/bladder/renal cancer Flashcards
what is the most common type of cancer in the US for men and 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths?
prostate 1:6men
what is the cause of prostate cancer?
unknown
risk factors for prostate cancer include?
age over 50, race/ethnicity (african american), family history, high fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, vasectomy, smoking
when should you start screening for prostate cancer?
age 40 for AA and those with family history. everyone else age 50
symptoms of prostate cancer
less likely to cause urinary obstruction d/t being peripheral not central (DDx: BPH),
blood in urine/semen, pain/stiffness in back/hips/upper thighs/pelvis
• If have BPH too then all of those symptoms as well.
prostate cancer can lead to mets of:
lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, spine, rectum, bladder
how is prostate cancer diagnosed
annual DRE and PSA levels; follow up with TRUS with biopsy and/or PAP. CT scan
or bone scan to check for Mets.
when is prostate cancer commonly discovered?
during TURPs for BPH issues
prognosis for prostate cancer?
early detection is often curable: 85=90% year survival in patients with limited disease. When mets, life expectance <3yrs: 10-15% 10yr survival in patients with disseminated disease
treatment for prostate cancer?
depends on stage, age, overall health. includes: orchiectomy, use of estrogen, decrease testosterone, watchful waiting (elderly, poor health, early stage), biphosphonates, radiation, surgery
what are some alternative tx for prostate cancer
diet, vitamin A,C,D,E, selenium, exercise, decrease obesity, quit smoking
Where is bladder cancer usually found
in the bladder lining. (high stage tumor when invades muscle layer)
> 90% of bladder cancer in industrialized countries is what type
transitional cell carinoma
what type of bladder cancer is found 75% in developing countries
squamous cell carcinoma aka schistosoma haematobium
who is most likely to get bladder cancer?
those in industrialized countries, incidence increases with age, men 2-3x more likely, caucasians
symptoms of bladder cancer?
primary symptom is hematuria
risk factors for bladder cancer?
carcinogens in urine from: smoking, age, inflammation, consuming Aristolochia fangchi (for wt. loss), high saturated fat intake, external beam radiation, family Hx, certain meds.
what is prognosis for bladder cancer?
if superficial, much better life expectancy than invasive. Recurrent cancer is more aggressive
renal cancer makes up __% of all cancers
3%
MC type of renal cancer is
renal adenocarcinoma
most solid tumors with renal cancer are (malignant or benign)
malignant
who is more at risk for renal cancer?
men 2x more likely, AA, 50-70yo
risk factors for renal cancer include:
smoking, obesity, HTN, unopposed estrogen therapy, occupational
exposure, abusing phenacetin-containing analgesics, cystic kidney disease, dialysis,
tuberous sclerosis, renal transplantation w/ associated immunosuppression (80x increased risk), VHL disease
signs and symptoms of renal cancer include…
lack of Sx cause many to go undetected. Tumors can cause Sx by compressing,
stretching or invading structures near or within the kidney. Also, HTN, hematuria,
supraclavicular adenopathy, Sx associated with Mets.
paraneoplastic syndrome can occur with renal cancer. what are some symptoms?
weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, night
sweats, HTN. Dx via labs and Tx tackles primary tumor or Mets foci.
prognosis for renal cancer
good if in early stage. stage IV has poor prognosis
