scrotal masses/diseases

Question 1

scrotal masses/disease are MC reason for…

Answer 1

visit/referral to a urologist

Question 2

testicular torsion are MC in males of what age

Answer 2

10-16 yo

Question 3

what are signs and symptoms of testicular torsion are

Answer 3

sudden severe pain, swelling, redness, lower abdominal pain, N/V, worse with lifting testicle

Question 4

if testing for testicular torsion and there is LESS pain with lifting testicle, what is the more likely Dx?

Answer 4

epididymitis

Question 5

what is treatment option for testicular torsion

Answer 5

medical emergency!!! send to ER for surgery within 6-8 hours!

Question 6

what is hydrocele?

Answer 6

collection of fluid in the sheath that holds the testicle

Question 7

what age group MC to get hydrocele

Answer 7

older men

Question 8

what are causes of hydrocele?

Answer 8

excess fluid production or decreased fluid absorption from trauma, radiation, inflammation, or congenital

Question 9

what are symptoms/signs of hydrocele?

Answer 9

painless, swollen, soft, uni/bilateral mass that WILL transilluminate

Question 10

what is varicocele

Answer 10

blood backs up into the veins leading form the testicles d/t valve dysfunction

Question 11

varicocele MC on the left or right side

Answer 11

left

Question 12

varicocele MC in males of what age

Answer 12

15-25

Question 13

what are risk factors for varicocele?

Answer 13

pelvic floor stress, vascular damage, hereditary, tumor

Question 14

what are signs/symptoms for varicocele?

Answer 14

painless scrotal swelling, may feel heavy, better w/ lying down, achy, testicular
atrophy, infertility, visible veins, will not transilluminate

Question 15

what is the difference in symptoms for hydrocele vs varicocele

Answer 15

hydrocele: will transluminate
varicocele: will not transluminate
both are painless and involve swelling

Question 16

how is varicocele diagnosed?

Answer 16

US, venogram

Question 17

what are tx options for varicocele?

Answer 17

scrotal support, surgical ligation, embolization, laparoscopy (can recur or cause a hydrocele)

Question 18

what is an inguinal hernia

Answer 18

protrusion of abdomen contents thru a weak point in the abdomen wall

Question 19

what are signs/symptoms of an inguinal hernia?

Answer 19

bulge in groin area that may extend into the scrotum, painful/uncomfortable

Question 20

what are tx options for inguinal hernias

Answer 20

surgery

Question 21

what is epididymitis?

Answer 21

infection in the tubular coil (epididymis)

Question 22

what are causes for epididymitis?

Answer 22

often a complication of NG/CT, may be bacteria or pseudomonas

Question 23

what are signs/symptoms of epididymitis

Answer 23

pain is severe and insidious, fever, swelling

Question 24

what are tx options for epididymitis?

Answer 24

antibiotics and STI screen

Question 25

what is orchitis?

Answer 25

inflammation of testes often d/t a bacterial infection or the mumps virus

Question 26

what can orchitis cause?

Answer 26

permanent damage to testicles → diminished size, inadequate hormones, infertility

Question 27

what are signs/symptoms of orchitis?

Answer 27

pain, swelling, heaviness

Question 28

is testicular cancer easily treatable?

Answer 28

it is highly treatable when detected early

Question 29

what is the MC age for testicular cancer

Answer 29

15-34 yo

Question 30

once a male is >50yo, what type of cancer becomes more common (involving testis)

Answer 30

testicular lymphoma

Question 31

what are risk factors for testicular cancer?

Answer 31

cryptorchidism, genetics/family Hx, Caucasian (4-5x), HIV

Question 32

is there increased risk of testicular cancer with injury or vasectomy?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what are signs of testicular cancer?

Answer 33

unilateral enlargement or change in how it feels, painless lump or swelling or collections of fluid, dull ache in back/groin/lower ab,gynecomastia/mastalgia, testicular discomfort/pain or heaviness

Question 34

what are symptoms of testicular cancer

Answer 34

there are none! patient needs to do self screen 1x/mo

Question 35

how is testicular cancer diagnosed?

Answer 35

PE, US (first step), CXR, abdominal CT, biopsy

Question 36

is there a screening blood test for testicular cancer?

Answer 36

no. can monitor measuring of AFP, beta-HCG, and LDH, but no screening test available

Question 37

what is treatment for testicular cancer?

Answer 37

orchiectomy and radiation (prosthesis available and sperm banking before Tx), lymph node dissection if Mets, chemo

Question 38

what is the prognosis of testicular cancer?

Answer 38

5 yr survival rate decreases in stage 3 when mets moves above the diaphragm and/or to visceral organs