scrotal masses/diseases Flashcards
scrotal masses/disease are MC reason for…
visit/referral to a urologist
testicular torsion are MC in males of what age
10-16 yo
what are signs and symptoms of testicular torsion are
sudden severe pain, swelling, redness, lower abdominal pain, N/V, worse with lifting testicle
if testing for testicular torsion and there is LESS pain with lifting testicle, what is the more likely Dx?
epididymitis
what is treatment option for testicular torsion
medical emergency!!! send to ER for surgery within 6-8 hours!
what is hydrocele?
collection of fluid in the sheath that holds the testicle
what age group MC to get hydrocele
older men
what are causes of hydrocele?
excess fluid production or decreased fluid absorption from trauma, radiation, inflammation, or congenital
what are symptoms/signs of hydrocele?
painless, swollen, soft, uni/bilateral mass that WILL transilluminate
what is varicocele
blood backs up into the veins leading form the testicles d/t valve dysfunction
varicocele MC on the left or right side
left
varicocele MC in males of what age
15-25
what are risk factors for varicocele?
pelvic floor stress, vascular damage, hereditary, tumor
what are signs/symptoms for varicocele?
painless scrotal swelling, may feel heavy, better w/ lying down, achy, testicular
atrophy, infertility, visible veins, will not transilluminate
what is the difference in symptoms for hydrocele vs varicocele
hydrocele: will transluminate
varicocele: will not transluminate
both are painless and involve swelling
how is varicocele diagnosed?
US, venogram
what are tx options for varicocele?
scrotal support, surgical ligation, embolization, laparoscopy (can recur or cause a hydrocele)
what is an inguinal hernia
protrusion of abdomen contents thru a weak point in the abdomen wall
what are signs/symptoms of an inguinal hernia?
bulge in groin area that may extend into the scrotum, painful/uncomfortable
what are tx options for inguinal hernias
surgery
what is epididymitis?
infection in the tubular coil (epididymis)
what are causes for epididymitis?
often a complication of NG/CT, may be bacteria or pseudomonas
what are signs/symptoms of epididymitis
pain is severe and insidious, fever, swelling
what are tx options for epididymitis?
antibiotics and STI screen
what is orchitis?
inflammation of testes often d/t a bacterial infection or the mumps virus
what can orchitis cause?
permanent damage to testicles → diminished size, inadequate hormones, infertility
what are signs/symptoms of orchitis?
pain, swelling, heaviness
is testicular cancer easily treatable?
it is highly treatable when detected early
what is the MC age for testicular cancer
15-34 yo
once a male is >50yo, what type of cancer becomes more common (involving testis)
testicular lymphoma
what are risk factors for testicular cancer?
cryptorchidism, genetics/family Hx, Caucasian (4-5x), HIV
is there increased risk of testicular cancer with injury or vasectomy?
no
what are signs of testicular cancer?
unilateral enlargement or change in how it feels, painless lump or swelling or collections of fluid, dull ache in back/groin/lower ab,gynecomastia/mastalgia, testicular discomfort/pain or heaviness
what are symptoms of testicular cancer
there are none! patient needs to do self screen 1x/mo
how is testicular cancer diagnosed?
PE, US (first step), CXR, abdominal CT, biopsy
is there a screening blood test for testicular cancer?
no. can monitor measuring of AFP, beta-HCG, and LDH, but no screening test available
what is treatment for testicular cancer?
orchiectomy and radiation (prosthesis available and sperm banking before Tx), lymph node dissection if Mets, chemo
what is the prognosis of testicular cancer?
5 yr survival rate decreases in stage 3 when mets moves above the diaphragm and/or to visceral organs