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A Level History > USSR Social Developments Education and Young People > Flashcards

USSR Social Developments Education and Young People Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Lenin’s main goals with education?

A

To have high levels of edcuation

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2
Q

What were the problems that Lenin faced with literacy?

A

Low literacy levels - 32% of people could read/write in 1914 / Inequalities between nationalities - Russians better educated than non-Russians / only the ‘rich’ were educated

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3
Q

What style of learning did Lunarcharsky propose?

A

A polytechnic style

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4
Q

In what year were unified Labour schools introduced?

A

October 1918

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5
Q

What did the 1918 decree do for education?

A

Polytechnic education 8-17 / banned RE, homework and testing/ provided free breakfast/ introduced mixed schools

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6
Q

When was education made compulsory?

A

October 1918

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7
Q

What were the problems with these proposals?

A

Free compulsory education was not fully reached until 1950/ schools didn’t have sufficient resources/ no reliable teacher training systems

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8
Q

Why was it bad that there were no reliable teacher training systems?

A

They couldn’t teach teachers the new way of learning therefore teachers would educate students in the traditional style

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9
Q

What happened to schools under the NEP?

A

Forced to close to save money

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10
Q

Were schools free under the NEP?

A

No, pupils had to pay fees to attend primary and secondary education

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11
Q

How many children were orphaned by the civil war

A

7 million

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12
Q

In what year were school fees abolished?

A

1927

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13
Q

In what year were 60% of primary school aged children in primary schools?

A

1928

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14
Q

What % of students paid fees to attend secondary school?

A

97%

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15
Q

What percentage of middle class students started and finished secondary education?

A

90% started / 25% finished

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16
Q

What percentage of working class students attended and finished secondary school?

A

40% attended / 3% finished

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17
Q

What decree required people under the age of 50 to learn how to read/write?

A

1919 Decree on Illiteracy

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18
Q

from 1918 to 1921, what happened to red army literacy rates?

A

Increased from 50 to 80 %

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19
Q

In 1925, what % of soldiers could read and write?

A

100%

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20
Q

Outside of the army, what happened to literacy rates?

A

They decreased

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21
Q

How many textbooks did the government provide teaching people basic literacy?

A

6.5 million

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22
Q

What did Lunarcharsky set up to promote literacy?

A

Reading groups - 6 week intensive courses to liquidate illiteracy

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23
Q

How were the reading intensives set back?

A

1917, many teachers didn’t support the regime / Lack of supplies

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24
Q

What were the figures stating there were a lack of pens and pencils for students?

A

1 pencil for every 60 students / 1 pen for every 22 students

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25
Q

Under the NEP how many reading schemes were closed down and why?

A

90% and to save money

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26
Q

In what year did the government announce a scheme to eradicate illiteracy by and by what year?

A

May 1925 / 1927

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27
Q

By what year did the transport workers union have 91% literacy?

A

1927

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28
Q

What did Stalin do with literacy programmes?

A

re-launched them

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29
Q

What was compulsory under the 5 year plans?

A

Schooling

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30
Q

How many volunteers did the government get to educate the illiterate?

A

3 million

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31
Q

What happened to teachers during collectivisation?

A

They were attacked - some were locked in schools and the building was set on fire

32
Q

In the first 5 year plan what % of adults had attended a literacy course?

A

90%

33
Q

in 1949, how many people were literate?

A

94%

34
Q

What % of men were literate and what % of women were literate?

A

97% of men and 90% of women

35
Q

What decree abolished the polytechnic focus?

A

1931 curriculum reform decree

36
Q

What reforms required teachers to set homework and to follow a code of conduct?

A

1932 School discipline reforms

37
Q

In what year were new textbooks published?

A

1933

38
Q

In what year were national examinations reintroduced?

A

1935

39
Q

What was the Decree on the teaching of civic history and what year was it introduced?

A

It made sure history taught was about the Russian Nation and not class struggles designed to make students respect Stalin’s position / 1934

40
Q

What was Stalin’s educational target for 1932?

A

That 100% of children 8-15 would be in schools

41
Q

How much of this target did they actually achieve?

A

95%

42
Q

Due to industrialisation, what did schools have to pay?

A

Tuition fees

43
Q

From 1914 to 1939, what did the number of unis increase by?

A

800%

44
Q

By 1939, how many children had completed primary education?

A

1.5 million children = 7% of the child population

45
Q

In what year was gender segregation introduced into schools?

A

1943

46
Q

By 1953, what % of children had completed the first 4 years of primary education?

A

100%

47
Q

What schools were introduced in 1940?

A

Labour reserve schools

48
Q

What were labour reserve schools designed to do?

A

Train young men on skills that would help them in the industry

49
Q

How long was the training course?

A

A 6 month course followed by a 4 year placement

50
Q

From 1946-52 how many young people had the Labour reserve schools placed in work?

A

4.2 million

51
Q

In what year were there 170,000 university enrolments?

A

1927

52
Q

How many university enrolments were there in 1932?

A

500,000

53
Q

What happened to teachers during the purges?

A

Old teachers were purged and replaced by red specialists

54
Q

From 1927 to 1940, what did the number of intellectuals increase from and to?

A

Increased from 29,000 to 50,000

55
Q

By what year had the university structure been reconstructed after WW2 and how many students were in university?

A

1953 / 1.5 million students

56
Q

What did Khrushchev do with education?

A

doubled the number of schools in towns and cities

57
Q

What did an increase in teacher recruitment and training lead to?

A

An increase in teachers from 1.5 million in 1953 to 2.2 million in 1964

58
Q

In what year were school fees abolished?

A

1956

59
Q

In what year did 40% of teachers have a degree?

A

1964

60
Q

What was established in 1959 to help poorer students?

A

Bursaries and funds for education

61
Q

What did the proportion of 17 year olds in education grow from and to in 1953-1964?

A

From 20% to 75%

62
Q

What did the Educational reform 1956 do?

A

Introduced polytechnic education focussing on the light industry

63
Q

In what years was 20% more time put into teaching skills?

A

1947-1959

64
Q

What did the 1959 Education Law do?

A

Made education compulsory / schools required to provide 11 year programmes/ taught vocationally/ New class to educate pupils on the fundamentals of marxism

65
Q

In what year was there an emphasis on learning foreign languages?

A

1961

66
Q

In what years did Brezhnev repeal all of Khrushchev’s reforms?

A

1964-66

67
Q

What did Brezhnev replace compulsory education with?

A

A target that 100% of children would complete secondary education

68
Q

By 1976, what % of students completed secondary education?

A

66%

69
Q

What % of teachers had a uni qualification in 1978?

A

70%

70
Q

What were the 2 small-scale educational reforms under Brezhnev?

A

1970 School Statute / 1973 Fundamental Law on Soviet Education

71
Q

What did the 1970 school statute introduce?

A

Compulsory homework

72
Q

In what ear were textbooks made free?

A

1970

73
Q

From 1953-1980 what did university students increase from and to?

A

Increased from 1.5 million to 5 million

74
Q

What was introduced at uni in 1958?

A

New courses focussing on the light industry

75
Q

In 1954-55 what type of universities were built?

A

Non-Russian universities

76
Q

By 1975, how ,any people had doctorates?

A

32,000

77
Q

What did the government fear higher education would lead to?

A

non-conformity

A Level History (7 decks)

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