USSR Social Developments Education and Young People

Question 1

What were Lenin’s main goals with education?

Answer 1

To have high levels of edcuation

Question 2

What were the problems that Lenin faced with literacy?

Answer 2

Low literacy levels - 32% of people could read/write in 1914 / Inequalities between nationalities - Russians better educated than non-Russians / only the ‘rich’ were educated

Question 3

What style of learning did Lunarcharsky propose?

Answer 3

A polytechnic style

Question 4

In what year were unified Labour schools introduced?

Answer 4

October 1918

Question 5

What did the 1918 decree do for education?

Answer 5

Polytechnic education 8-17 / banned RE, homework and testing/ provided free breakfast/ introduced mixed schools

Question 6

When was education made compulsory?

Answer 6

October 1918

Question 7

What were the problems with these proposals?

Answer 7

Free compulsory education was not fully reached until 1950/ schools didn’t have sufficient resources/ no reliable teacher training systems

Question 8

Why was it bad that there were no reliable teacher training systems?

Answer 8

They couldn’t teach teachers the new way of learning therefore teachers would educate students in the traditional style

Question 9

What happened to schools under the NEP?

Answer 9

Forced to close to save money

Question 10

Were schools free under the NEP?

Answer 10

No, pupils had to pay fees to attend primary and secondary education

Question 11

How many children were orphaned by the civil war

Answer 11

7 million

Question 12

In what year were school fees abolished?

Answer 12

1927

Question 13

In what year were 60% of primary school aged children in primary schools?

Answer 13

1928

Question 14

What % of students paid fees to attend secondary school?

Answer 14

97%

Question 15

What percentage of middle class students started and finished secondary education?

Answer 15

90% started / 25% finished

Question 16

What percentage of working class students attended and finished secondary school?

Answer 16

40% attended / 3% finished

Question 17

What decree required people under the age of 50 to learn how to read/write?

Answer 17

1919 Decree on Illiteracy

Question 18

from 1918 to 1921, what happened to red army literacy rates?

Answer 18

Increased from 50 to 80 %

Question 19

In 1925, what % of soldiers could read and write?

Answer 19

100%

Question 20

Outside of the army, what happened to literacy rates?

Answer 20

They decreased

Question 21

How many textbooks did the government provide teaching people basic literacy?

Answer 21

6.5 million

Question 22

What did Lunarcharsky set up to promote literacy?

Answer 22

Reading groups - 6 week intensive courses to liquidate illiteracy

Question 23

How were the reading intensives set back?

Answer 23

1917, many teachers didn’t support the regime / Lack of supplies

Question 24

What were the figures stating there were a lack of pens and pencils for students?

Answer 24

1 pencil for every 60 students / 1 pen for every 22 students

Question 25

Under the NEP how many reading schemes were closed down and why?

Answer 25

90% and to save money

Question 26

In what year did the government announce a scheme to eradicate illiteracy by and by what year?

Answer 26

May 1925 / 1927

Question 27

By what year did the transport workers union have 91% literacy?

Answer 27

1927

Question 28

What did Stalin do with literacy programmes?

Answer 28

re-launched them

Question 29

What was compulsory under the 5 year plans?

Answer 29

Schooling

Question 30

How many volunteers did the government get to educate the illiterate?

Answer 30

3 million

Question 31

What happened to teachers during collectivisation?

Answer 31

They were attacked - some were locked in schools and the building was set on fire

Question 32

In the first 5 year plan what % of adults had attended a literacy course?

Answer 32

90%

Question 33

in 1949, how many people were literate?

Answer 33

94%

Question 34

What % of men were literate and what % of women were literate?

Answer 34

97% of men and 90% of women

Question 35

What decree abolished the polytechnic focus?

Answer 35

1931 curriculum reform decree

Question 36

What reforms required teachers to set homework and to follow a code of conduct?

Answer 36

1932 School discipline reforms

Question 37

In what year were new textbooks published?

Answer 37

1933

Question 38

In what year were national examinations reintroduced?

Answer 38

1935

Question 39

What was the Decree on the teaching of civic history and what year was it introduced?

Answer 39

It made sure history taught was about the Russian Nation and not class struggles designed to make students respect Stalin's position / 1934

Question 40

What was Stalin's educational target for 1932?

Answer 40

That 100% of children 8-15 would be in schools

Question 41

How much of this target did they actually achieve?

Answer 41

95%

Question 42

Due to industrialisation, what did schools have to pay?

Answer 42

Tuition fees

Question 43

From 1914 to 1939, what did the number of unis increase by?

Answer 43

800%

Question 44

By 1939, how many children had completed primary education?

Answer 44

1.5 million children = 7% of the child population

Question 45

In what year was gender segregation introduced into schools?

Answer 45

1943

Question 46

By 1953, what % of children had completed the first 4 years of primary education?

Answer 46

100%

Question 47

What schools were introduced in 1940?

Answer 47

Labour reserve schools

Question 48

What were labour reserve schools designed to do?

Answer 48

Train young men on skills that would help them in the industry

Question 49

How long was the training course?

Answer 49

A 6 month course followed by a 4 year placement

Question 50

From 1946-52 how many young people had the Labour reserve schools placed in work?

Answer 50

4.2 million

Question 51

In what year were there 170,000 university enrolments?

Answer 51

1927

Question 52

How many university enrolments were there in 1932?

Answer 52

500,000

Question 53

What happened to teachers during the purges?

Answer 53

Old teachers were purged and replaced by red specialists

Question 54

From 1927 to 1940, what did the number of intellectuals increase from and to?

Answer 54

Increased from 29,000 to 50,000

Question 55

By what year had the university structure been reconstructed after WW2 and how many students were in university?

Answer 55

1953 / 1.5 million students

Question 56

What did Khrushchev do with education?

Answer 56

doubled the number of schools in towns and cities

Question 57

What did an increase in teacher recruitment and training lead to?

Answer 57

An increase in teachers from 1.5 million in 1953 to 2.2 million in 1964

Question 58

In what year were school fees abolished?

Answer 58

1956

Question 59

In what year did 40% of teachers have a degree?

Answer 59

1964

Question 60

What was established in 1959 to help poorer students?

Answer 60

Bursaries and funds for education

Question 61

What did the proportion of 17 year olds in education grow from and to in 1953-1964?

Answer 61

From 20% to 75%

Question 62

What did the Educational reform 1956 do?

Answer 62

Introduced polytechnic education focussing on the light industry

Question 63

In what years was 20% more time put into teaching skills?

Answer 63

1947-1959

Question 64

What did the 1959 Education Law do?

Answer 64

Made education compulsory / schools required to provide 11 year programmes/ taught vocationally/ New class to educate pupils on the fundamentals of marxism

Question 65

In what year was there an emphasis on learning foreign languages?

Answer 65

1961

Question 66

In what years did Brezhnev repeal all of Khrushchev's reforms?

Answer 66

1964-66

Question 67

What did Brezhnev replace compulsory education with?

Answer 67

A target that 100% of children would complete secondary education

Question 68

By 1976, what % of students completed secondary education?

Answer 68

66%

Question 69

What % of teachers had a uni qualification in 1978?

Answer 69

70%

Question 70

What were the 2 small-scale educational reforms under Brezhnev?

Answer 70

1970 School Statute / 1973 Fundamental Law on Soviet Education

Question 71

What did the 1970 school statute introduce?

Answer 71

Compulsory homework

Question 72

In what ear were textbooks made free?

Answer 72

1970

Question 73

From 1953-1980 what did university students increase from and to?

Answer 73

Increased from 1.5 million to 5 million

Question 74

What was introduced at uni in 1958?

Answer 74

New courses focussing on the light industry

Question 75

In 1954-55 what type of universities were built?

Answer 75

Non-Russian universities

Question 76

By 1975, how ,any people had doctorates?

Answer 76

32,000

Question 77

What did the government fear higher education would lead to?

Answer 77

non-conformity