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A Level History > USSR Control of the People - Stalin > Flashcards

USSR Control of the People - Stalin Flashcards

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1
Q

What in relation to propaganda did Stalin tighten?

A

Censorship

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2
Q

In what year did Glavlit control access to economic data?

A

1928

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3
Q

What ‘bad news’ was the media forbidden to publish?

A

Natural disasters, suicide, industrial accidents

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4
Q

What artwork did Stalin focus on?

A

Socialist realism

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5
Q

What was the purpose for Stalin’s cult of personality?

A

To create a figure that citizens would trust, worship and respect

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6
Q

What did Stalin re-write in history with the October revolution?

A

That he was close with Lenin and the October revolution occurred through a duimvurate of Lenin and Stalin

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7
Q

What did photomontages present Stalin as?

A

The divine leader

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8
Q

Why was Stalin so powerful?

A

He was the Vozhd (boss) and his powers had no limits as vozhd has no legal connections

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9
Q

What was Stalin’s nickname after 1945 and why?

A

Generalissimo / because he was a war hero / increased Stalin’s position as a military hero as he defeated Hitler

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10
Q

What were Stalin’s religious policies driven by?

A

Pragmatism

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11
Q

During what period did Stalin close many churches?

A

Collectivisation

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12
Q

Outside Russia, Stalin set targets on how many ____ _____ he wanted purged.

A

Ethnic groups

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13
Q

What religion in particular was targeted?

A

Muslims

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14
Q

What happened to Muslims?

A

In spite of propaganda campaigns, Islam survived and Sufi groups kept Islam alive

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15
Q

Who was attached by the NKVD?

A

Priests and intellectuals

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16
Q

During WW2 who did Stalin make a pragmatic alliance with?

A

The Church

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17
Q

Why did Stalin create a pragmatic alliance with the Church?

A

To boost patriotism

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18
Q

Why was it crucial for Stalin to have the side of the R.O.C?

A

The R.O.C was part of Russian identity, therefore in a time of war and identity crisis, the church provided comfort for people and soldiers

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19
Q

After WW2 how did government policy change on churches?

A

Anti-religious propaganda ceased / Stalin promised to end censorship of religious magazines

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20
Q

In 1945, how many churches did Stalin reopen?

A

414 churches

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21
Q

What art form was Stalin conscious about?

A

Avant garde

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22
Q

Why was Stalin conscious of avant garde?

A

It was too complex for the worker to understand, therefore it was bourgeoise

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23
Q

What defined Socialist Realism?

A

Contained a true reflection of society / Pictures looked a lot like photographs (paintings of factory workers and heavy industry)

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24
Q

WHat focus did literature have to have?

A

Building socialism focus

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25
Q

What did ballet reflect?

A

Constructivism and futurism

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26
Q

What ballet was designed to celebrate Soviet industrialisation?

A

The steel step

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27
Q

What were artists set?

A

targets on the amount of sculptures/paintings they would have to produce

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28
Q

What happened during the Great Terror?

A

Soviet artists were purged

29
Q

What did paintings focus on?

A

The 5 year plans and collectivisation

30
Q

What did sculptures focus on?

A

Building socialism

31
Q

What did Stalin like the use of in films?

A

Great rousing + heroic music

32
Q

What did Stalin praise the use of and why (music)?

A

Stalin praised the use of accordions as they were an instrument that the working class could relate to

33
Q

In what decade was Stalin’s purges?

A

1930s

34
Q

In what year was Yagoda appointed to head of the NKVD?

A

1934

35
Q

Who did Yagoda organise the trial and arrest of?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev

36
Q

What project did Yagoda oversee?

A

The Volga Canal construction

37
Q

How many prisoners died constructing the Volga canal?

A

200,000

38
Q

Why did Yagoda disappoint Stalin?

A

He was ‘too soft’

39
Q

Who was appointed after Yagoda?

A

Yezhov

40
Q

How did Yezhov transform the NKVD?

A

He radicalised it / accelerated terror

41
Q

How was terror accelerated?

A

Stalin set targets on the amount of arrests, executions and deportations he wanted

42
Q

In what year was the NKVD purged and why?

A

1937 - because some of the NKVD were loyal to Stalin’s opponents

43
Q

What didn’t the new NKVD have?

A

loyalty to the party or ideological loyalty, they just enjoyed the violence

44
Q

What interrogation system was used and what was it?

A

‘The conveyor belt system’ - torture and interrogation continued relentlessly until the prisoner confessed

45
Q

What year was the trial of the 16 and who did it lead to the execution of?

A

1936 - Kamenev and Zinoviev

46
Q

When was the trial of the 17 and who did it lead to the execution of?

A

1937 - 17 of Trotsky’s supporters + Yagoda

47
Q

When was the trial of the 21 and who did it lead to the execution of?

A

1937 - Bukharin

48
Q

What were these examples of (trials of the 16,17 and 21)?

A

Show trials

49
Q

1937-38 how many people were arrested/deported/executed by the NKVD?

A

1.5 million people arrested/ 635,000 deported/ 680,000 executed

50
Q

What percentage of targets were men?

A

95%

51
Q

What was the period of 1937-38 nicknamed?

A

Yezhovschina

52
Q

Who demanded higher targets?

A

NKVD agents

53
Q

What was the name of the group of communis officials that were trialled for the misuse of government funds?

A

Kazan

54
Q

What were the positive consequences of the terror for Stalin?

A

It removed the majority of his opposition

55
Q

What were the negative consequences of the terror?

A

It caused economic collapse as so many officials and factory owners were being purged - decreased the production as there were no ‘experts’ to run places

56
Q

In what year was Beria made head of the NKVD?

A

1938

57
Q

In what year did Beria arrest Yezhov?

A

1939

58
Q

In what year and where did Beria arrest Trotsky?

A

1940 in Mexico

59
Q

What did the NKVD do during WW2?

A

The NKVD policed ethnic minorities

60
Q

In 1944, who did the NKVD launch a massive spree against and what happened?

A

Chechens - deported 460,000 / caused 170,000 deaths and burned those unwilling to leave

61
Q

How many prisoners of war were interrogated in 1945?

A

1.5 million

62
Q

Why were prisoners of war interrogated?

A

Stalin thought they may have been made subservient to the facist regime

63
Q

What year was the Leningrad affair and what happened?

A

1949 - Purge against party officials of the Leningrad soviet as they acted independently

64
Q

In what year was the doctors plot and what occurred?

A

1952-53 - Stalin was paranoid that his doctors were out to kill him so had them arrested

65
Q

Was the doctors plot thought to be completely because Stalin thought his doctors were trying to kill him?

A

No, it may have also been an anti-Semitic move as Stalin was a known anti-Semite

66
Q

After the Death of Stalin, who was arrested and why?

A

Beria - executed for: treason, terrorism and child molestation

67
Q

How many kulaks were estimated to have been victim of dekulaklisation?

A

24 million

68
Q

How many kulaks died in labour camps?

A

13 million

A Level History (7 decks)

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