USSR Control of the People - Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko

Question 1

In an attempt to make a greater consumer society, what proliferated?

Answer 1

TV, magazines and radios

Question 2

What was the women’s magazine that published letters of women’s troubles?

Answer 2

Rabotista

Question 3

In the satirical magazine ____ who did they poke fun at?

Answer 3

Krokodil - men who arrived at parades drunk, late or not al all

Question 4

What did Khrushchev introduce to ‘liberalise’ modern media?

Answer 4

The cultural ‘thaws’

Question 5

In 1950, how many TVs had been produced?

Answer 5

10,000

Question 6

By 1957, how many TVs were there?

Answer 6

Just under 3 million

Question 7

What did films focus on?

Answer 7

Traditional themes such as war and building socialism

Question 8

What 2 events in 1961 and 1963 encouraged people to watch 5 hour programmes on their TVs?

Answer 8

1961 - Yuri Gargarian space

1963 - Valentina Tereshkova

Question 9

What did films under Brezhnev focus on?

Answer 9

High fashion and luxury apartments in an attempt to get more people to buy consumer goods

Question 10

Why did Brezhnev’s tactic of TV appearances backfire?

Answer 10

He was very ill and therefore seen as ill on TV

Question 11

What magazines became more popular?

Answer 11

Western magazines such as vogue

Question 12

What was so controversial about Khrushchev’s cult of personality?

Answer 12

He had denounced Stalin’s cult of personality during his destalinisation speech in 1956 yet now has one of his own

Question 13

What other cult of personality did Khrushchev revive?

Answer 13

Lenin’s

Question 14

How was Kh depicted in soviet propaganda?

Answer 14

As one of Lenin’s disciples / responsible for the successes of the space missions / a respected statesman

Question 15

Why did Kh’s cult become problematic in the 1960s?

Answer 15

Kh has associated himself with the success of the VLS, however as it started to fail, this backlashed on his career/ corn campaign = disaster / awful foreign policy

Question 16

Why did Brezhnev adopt a cult of personality?

Answer 16

To consolidate his position / To stabilise the regime

Question 17

What 4 aspects did the cult of Brezhnev have?

Answer 17

Loyal Lenninist / military hero / foreign affairs / true man of the people

Question 18

What did Brezhnev hold to mark important celebrations? When was the first one and what was it for?

Answer 18

Held festivals / first one in 1967 / marked the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution

Question 19

Why was Brezhnev’s cult counter-productive?

Answer 19

He lived luxuriously - not a man of the people / war veterans hated B’s WW2 role / Young people knew the size of the army during the cold war therefore, was it really peaceful

Question 20

What was Khrushchev’s outlook on religion?

Answer 20

Didn’t like it - wanted to revive the anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s

Question 21

What did Kh do with religion in 1958?

Answer 21

Closed the churches that had recently been opened after ww2 / reintroduced anti-religious propaganda

Question 22

What religious buildings did Kh close in 1959?

Answer 22

Roman Catholic monasteries

Question 23

What did kh use as a way to spite religion?

Answer 23

The space race - Yuri Gargarian said ‘when I went up to the heavens I saw no God’

Question 24

Who was targeted greatly by the religious suppression?

Answer 24

Women as they made up 2/3rds of church goers

Question 25

How many churches did the KGB successfully close in 1958 and 1964?

Answer 25

1958 - 8000 | 1964 - 5000

Question 26

What did Khrushchev's religious strategies lead to?

Answer 26

New dissent against the govt.

Question 27

What did Brezhnev end in accordance to religion?

Answer 27

Khrushchev's religious suppression

Question 28

What did B advocate instead of suppression?

Answer 28

Atheism

Question 29

Which religious groups did B's government start supporting?

Answer 29

Anti-west Islam groups

Question 30

Did B's policies fail or succeed?

Answer 30

Neither, the proportion of religious people stayed at 20% from 1960-1985

Question 31

In what year was Andropov promoted to head of the KGB?

Answer 31

1967

Question 32

What was Andropov's goal as head of the KGB?

Answer 32

To supress dissidents (max control through min. violence)

Question 33

Who were Sakharov and Solzhenistyn?

Answer 33

Dissidents: Sak = 1964 led a campaign to expel Lysenko (kh's favourite scientist) as he was corrupt - got a lot of western attention so was sent into internal excile Solz = Russian nationalist

Question 34

In what year and what policy did Andropov enact that increased surveillance and action?

Answer 34

1968 - policy no. 0051

Question 35

To increase KGB efficiency, what measures were introduced?

Answer 35

KGB agents who broke the law were sacked / KGB agents were not allowed to accept gifts

Question 36

What were high profile dissidents allowed to do?

Answer 36

emigrate

Question 37

Why did high profile dissidents emigrate?

Answer 37

This would produce less international backlash and coverage

Question 38

What happened to low profile dissidents?

Answer 38

They were subject to repressive psychiatry

Question 39

Why was repressive psychiatry used?

Answer 39

Documentation was private meaning it was easier for the government to hide / Treatment could be indefinite / People could be prescribed medicine to keep them quiet

Question 40

What did Andropov change emphasis from and to when he became leader?

Answer 40

From repression to prevention

Question 41

How many warnings were given out in the 1970s?

Answer 41

70,000

Question 42

In what year was the official warning scheme brought in?

Answer 42

1972

Question 43

What year was the Law and order campaign and what did it crack down on?

Answer 43

1979 - cracked down on alcoholism, corruption and hooliganism

Question 44

What year was the Helsinki agreement and what did it do?

Answer 44

1975 - Committed countries in Europe to respect human rights (not legally binding)

Question 45

In what year did Andropov become leader of the USSR?

Answer 45

1982

Question 46

How did the KGB maintain surveillance?

Answer 46

Phone tapping / Spying

Question 47

What were the reasons for popular discontent within the USSR?

Answer 47

standards of living increased v slowly / insufficient promotion opportunities / less incentive / resentment of party privileges

Question 48

Socially, what increased?

Answer 48

alcoholism / increase in demands for western goods / avoidance of military service

Question 49

How did Andropov deal with discontent?

Answer 49

Greater discipline measures: anti-alcoholism, anti-corruption/ operation trawl

Question 50

How did the ballet help revive the USSR?

Answer 50

Bolshoi ballet's Spartacus with Yuri Grigorovich's choreography won international praise in 1968

Question 51

What 3 groups of artists and intellectuals were there?

Answer 51

Obedient functionaries - acted with the system Loyal opportunists - critical of the system byt expressed this through official channels Dissidents -against the system

Question 52

How many writers had written over 10,000 pieces of anti-Soviet documents?

Answer 52

1292

Question 53

What year was the Sinyavsky - Daniel trial?

Answer 53

1966

Question 54

What were Sinyavsky and Daniel sentenced to?

Answer 54

7 and 5 years in a gulag

Question 55

In the 1970s, how many artists were receiving repressive psychiatry treatment?

Answer 55

7000-8000

Question 56

What year was Prague Springs?

Answer 56

1968

Question 57

What did Prague Springs do?

Answer 57

Showed that whole states wanted to break away from the soviet union - Czechoslovakia

Question 58

What was the 'forest ritual' of 1968

Answer 58

- A picture of women naked in the woods - a direct attack on the prohibition of women's nudity

Question 59

In what year did government bulldozers crash an art exhibition and what was it called?

Answer 59

1974 'Bulldozer Exhibition'