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A Level History > USSR Industry and Agriculture > Flashcards

USSR Industry and Agriculture Flashcards

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1
Q

For Communism to prosper, what needs to be abolished?

A

Capitalism

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2
Q

What problems did Russia face before Lenin?

A

Backwards economy / Shattered by WW1

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3
Q

What did Lenin believe would happen as the communist revolution spread across Europe in regards to economic aid?

A

Advanced communist countries would aid less advanced ones

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4
Q

What did ‘State Capitalism’ propose?

A

Nationalisation of Industry

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5
Q

What was Vesenka?

A

A government body that ran all nationalised industries

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6
Q

What was Vesenka designed to do?

A

Coordinate economic production / Place factories under the control of well paid specialists

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7
Q

What industries were NOT nationalised?

A

Those with 20 workers or less

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8
Q

Was Nationalisation popular?

A

No, there was very little difference between pre revolution

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9
Q

What year was ‘State Capitalism’ introduced?

A

1918

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10
Q

What Land Reform did Lenin Propose?

A

Decree on Land 1917

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11
Q

What did the Decree on Land 1917 do?

A

Took land away from the land owners and redistributed it to the workers / Ended Private Ownership

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12
Q

What was the Decree on Worker’s Control 1918?

A

Allowed workers to elect committees to run fsctories

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13
Q

What was the Worker’s decree 1917?

A

Established an 8 hour working day / Established minimum wage

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14
Q

Why was War Communism created?

A

To ensure military success for the communists

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15
Q

What did ‘Food Dictatorship’ do?

A

Made sure food was readily available for the workers and soldiers by Requisitioning Grain from peasants by the Cheka / Rationing

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16
Q

What did the Labour discipline of 1918 do?

A

Extended the working day to 11 hours

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17
Q

In 1919 what was made compulsory for all able bodied people aged 16-50?

A

Work

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18
Q

Who was punished under War Communism?

A

Late comers or slackers

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19
Q

What did the abolition of the market under War Communism lead to?

A

Complete nationalisation

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20
Q

What happened to money under war communism?

A

abolished

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21
Q

What did grain requisitioning under war communism result in?

A

Decreased agricultural production as the peasants didn’t wan their grain to be taken away

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22
Q

What happened to the Industrial workforce under war communism?

A

The workforce declined from 3 million people in 1917 to 1.2 million people in 1922

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23
Q

What percentage of food consumed during the civil war came from the black market?

A

60%

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24
Q

In the late 1920’s what closed due to lack of fuel?

A

Some factories

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25
Q

How did harvests in 1921 fair in comparison to those in 1913?

A

They were 46% of that in 1913

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26
Q

Under war communism what did the famine in rural areas lead to?

A

The deaths of 6 million people

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27
Q

what ended grain requisitioning?

A

Tambov Rebellion 1921

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28
Q

What ended War Communism?

A

Krondstadt Rebellion 1921

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29
Q

When did the NEP run from and to?

A

1921-1928

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30
Q

Why was the NEP introduced?

A

To:

  • Retain political power
  • Revive the economy
  • Build socialism
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31
Q

What type of economy did the NEP create?

A

a mixed economy

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32
Q

How was the soviet economy mixed under the NEP?

A

Agriculture was left to the free markets and all factories (apart from those with 20 workers or less) were nationalised

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33
Q

What was reintroduced under the NEP that had been abolished during War Communism?

A

Money

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34
Q

What were citizens expected to pay for that had been free under War Communism?

A

Travel

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35
Q

What corruption did the NEP lead to?

A

NEPmen / Gambling / Prostitution / Drug Dealing

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36
Q

Did the NEP lead to political and economical stability?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Did industry grow under the NEP?

A

No

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38
Q

What did ending grain requisitioning achieve?

A

Ended the famine / popular with the peasants / encouraged peasants to grow more food

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39
Q

What was the grain output (million tonnes) in 1921 and 1923?

A

1921 - 37.61 million tons

1923 - 56.6 million tons

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40
Q

In what years did the industrial economy plateau under the NEP?

A

1926-28

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41
Q

What was the scissors crisis?

A

Due to the free market, farm wages were low and nationalisation of industry made industrial goods more expensive. Therefore, agricultural workers couldn’t afford to buy industrial goods. As farmers couldn’t afford to buy these goods there was a lack of incentive to grow grain so as industrial goods increased, food production decreased.

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42
Q

What were the 3 views on the control of industry and agriculture post 1928?

A
  1. Left - Wanted to adopt a radical socialist policy and nationalise all industry.
  2. Right - Wanted to keep the NEP and felt a mixed economy was the best economy
  3. Centre - Wanted the most pragmatic idea.
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43
Q

What year was the 1st 5 year plan?

A

1928-1932

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44
Q

What were the aims of the 5 year plans?

A

To eliminate NEPmen/ to industrialise Russia by combining centralised planning with large scale investment / Modernise the military

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45
Q

What year was the 2nd 5 year plan?

A

1933-37

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46
Q

What year was the 3rd 5 year plan?

A

1938-41 (ended prematurely due to German invasion)

47
Q

Who was in charge of formulating targets for the plans?

A

Gosplan

48
Q

What did Gosplan claimed the 5y/ps had caused?

A

The destruction of capitalism

49
Q

What were the plans?

A

Targets that were backed up with propaganda campaigns

50
Q

Did the government attempt to see if factories had the right resources to reach these plans?

A

No

51
Q

How did the production of coal do 1927-1940?

A

Increased from 35.4 mill tones to 165.9 tons

52
Q

How did the production of steel increase from 1927-1940?

A

Increased from 4 mill tons to 18 mill tons

53
Q

How did the production of Iron increase 1927-1940?

A

Increased from 3 mill tons to 14 mill tons

54
Q

From 1929-1936 what ‘cities’ were built?

A

Big industrial/factory cities such as Magnetogorsk

55
Q

What transport links opened under the plans?

A

1935- Moscow metro railway / 1932-1937 the creation of the Volga canal

56
Q

To increase labour productivity, what did Stalin do?

A

Increased incentives by using Stakhanotives as inspirations / Gave higher payments to more productive workers

57
Q

How successful was rearmament and how much government spending devoted to it in 1940?

A

Was very successful and 1/3rd of govt. spending was focused on it

58
Q

What were the problems that the plans faced?

A

Inefficient and wasteful / unorganised

59
Q

How much material was wasted in some industries?

A

As much as 40%

60
Q

Why was there a decrease in experts to run Gosplan?

A

As Stalin’s terror attacked them greatly

61
Q

How accurate were Gosplan targets?

A

Very inaccurate - had to falsify some paperwork which made planning more inaccurate

62
Q

Why was there continual shortage of consumer goods during the 5 year plans?

A

Stalin focused on heavy industry

63
Q

Give examples showing that there was a demand for consumer goods in 1928-41

A

In Moscow lines reached 1000 people long and in 1938 -Leningrad lines reached 6000 people long (for consumer goods)

64
Q

Why did Stalin create internal passports?

A

To prevent workers from moving to higher paid jobs

65
Q

During the plans what were living conditions like?

A

Bad - Magnetogorsk = many workers lived in shacks/ tents / In some towns there were 650,000 people living without a single bath house

66
Q

In what year was collectivisation introduced?

A

1929

67
Q

In what year did they claim there was an 100% success rate with collectivisation?

A

1930

68
Q

Why did collectivisation include grain requisitioning and of who?

A

It included grain requisitioning to enable them to sell more grain. The requisitioning was on all farms but was highly resisted due to the affect it had under war communism

69
Q

Who did Stalin ‘liquidate’ due to their resistance to grain requisitioning and what was this called?

A

1.5 million Kulaks (rich peasants) / Dekulaklisation

70
Q

By what year were almost all farms collectivised?

A

1941

71
Q

How did peasants respond to grain requisitioning?

A

Destroyed crops and livestock

72
Q

How many pigs were killed from 1928-34?

A

11 million

73
Q

How many sheep were killed from 1928-34?

A

60 million

74
Q

How many horses were killed from 1928-34?

A

17 million

75
Q

How many cattle were killed from 1928-34?

A

26 million

76
Q

What happened to grain production from 1928-1934?

A

It decreased from 73 million tons to 67 million tons

77
Q

In what years was the Ukraine famine?

A

1933-1934

78
Q

How many people died as a result of the famine in the Ukraine?

A

5 million

79
Q

How many tractors were produced as a result of mechanisation?

A

25,000

80
Q

What happened to grain procurement from 1928 to 1933?

A

Increased from 10.6 mill tons to 22.6 mill tons

81
Q

What happened to grain exports in 1928 to 1931?

A

Increased from 1 million tons to 5 million tons

82
Q

Post WW2 what were there severe shortages of?

A

Goods and workers

83
Q

By what year had production met pre-war levels?

A

1952

84
Q

What were the grain harvests in 1946 to 1952?

A

They were 39.6 mill tons to 92.2 mill tons

85
Q

In 1942 how many people were homeless?

A

25 million

86
Q

In comparison to pre-war levels how much less was the industry producing?

A

2/3rds less

87
Q

What levels of industrial growth did the 4th 5 year plan lead to?

A

Very high levels

88
Q

What % of investment was placed on heavy industry during the 4th year plan?

A

88%

89
Q

From 1945-1950 by how much % did industrial output increase by?

A

80%

90
Q

By 1952 how much of the government budget was on military expenditure?

A

1/4

91
Q

What happened to consumer goods?

A

Increased but only 12% of the plan focused on them

92
Q

What improved incentives did Khrushchev give workers?

A

1954 - Increased wages for farmers

93
Q

From 1952-56 what % did productivity increase by?

A

250%

94
Q

In 1955, what increased in production by 30% and what increased by 40%?

A 
30 = tractors
40 = fertilisers
95
Q

In what year was the Virgin Land Scheme?

A

1953

96
Q

From 1954 - 59 what was the growth in investment due to the VLS?

A

3% to 13%

97
Q

In what year was the corn campaign?

A

1958

98
Q

Was the Corn Campaign a success?

A

No it was a failure and as a result animal feed decreased by 30%

99
Q

From 1954-58 what did agricultural incomes rise by?

A

400%

100
Q

What was the problems with the Virgin Land Scheme?

A

Kazakhstan soil was infertile / Kazakhstan is very hot = expensive irrigation systems / Didn’t lead to further agricultural growth

101
Q

In 1955 what did Khrushchev cut military spending from and to?

A

From 12% to 9% in 1958

102
Q

Due to the cold war, what did Khrushchev increase military spending to in 1964?

A

11%

103
Q

In what year was the 7 year plan started?

A

1959

104
Q

What did the 7 year plan focus on?

A

Light industry

105
Q

What were the successes of the plan?

A

60% increase in consumer goods and an increase in synthetic fibre targets

106
Q

Although these were successes, why were they bad?

A

They didn’t meet the targets - consumer goods was 5% short of target and synthetic fibres was 2000,000 off its target

107
Q

When was the first satellite launched into space?

A

1957

108
Q

Why did Brezhnev allow the Black market to run?

A

Said it was a necessary evil

109
Q

What did Brezhnev increase military spending to?

A

13%

110
Q

In 1970, what had happened to economic growth rates?

A

They had declined to 2% growth

111
Q

What year were the Kosygin reforms?

A

1968

112
Q

What were the Kosygin reforms designed to do?

A

Cut investment in the most insufficient collective farms and divert that money into consumer goods production

113
Q

How did Brezhnev manage to lower food prices?

A

By importing grain from abroad

A Level History (7 decks)

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