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Boards Review > USMLEWorld > Flashcards

USMLEWorld Flashcards

1
Q

The best drug for gestational diabetes is ___.

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Meiosis I separates _____ chromosomes.

A

Homologous

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3
Q

Meiosis II separates ___ chromosomes.

A

Sister

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4
Q

Cells expressing CD16/CD56

A

NK cells

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5
Q

Ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to. . .

A

Uncinate process, main pancreatic duct of Wirsung, part of head

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6
Q

Angular stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eye changes, anemia

A

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

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7
Q

Succinate DHGN (succinate–>fumarate) requires what cofactor?

A

FAD (B2, riboflavin)

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8
Q

___ is a nuclear transcription factor that directly binds DNA via a leucine zipper motif

A

c-Jun

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9
Q

S-100

A

Neural crest marker and homodimeric calcium binding protein

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10
Q

Stimulation of V1R causes. . .

A

Vasoconstriction and prostaglandin release

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11
Q

Stimulation of V2R causes. . .

A

Increased medullary collecting duct reabsorption of urea; increased cortical collecting duct reabsorption of water

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12
Q

Mechanism of anastrozole

A

Aromatase inhibitor

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13
Q

Ketoconazole (mechanism in breast cancer)

A

Decreased androgen synthesis

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of cryptorchidism

A

Seminiferous tubules become atrophic and hyalinized; NO functional impairment of Leydig cells

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15
Q

Factors promoting osteoclasts

A

M-CSF and RANK-L

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16
Q

TGFB effect on bone

A

Osteoclast apoptosis; osteoblast differentiation

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17
Q

First line drug for myoclonic seizures

A

Valproic acid

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18
Q

Mechanism of Lithium

A

Inhibition of IP3

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19
Q

Mechanism of Ethosuximide

A

Inhibition of T-type Ca++ channels

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20
Q

Prevention of DVT in in-patient setting

A

Heparin (binds antithrombin III)

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21
Q

Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

A

Direct thrombin inhibitors (lepirudin and argatroban)

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22
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention: anti-coag

A

Ticlopidine and clopidogrel (block ADP-mediated plt aggregation)

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23
Q

Most common benign liver tumor

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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24
Q

Enzymes requiring B1 as co-factor

A

Transketolase, pyruvate DHGN, aketoglutarate DHGN

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25
Q

Massive liver necrosis post-op, elevated LFTs

A

Halothanes

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26
Q

IL-4 promotes. . .

A

Class switching to IgE

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27
Q

IL-5 promotes. . .

A

Eosinophils and IgA synthesis

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28
Q

Immune cells vs. Candida?

A

1) T cells (localized) and (2) PMNs for hematogenous spread

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29
Q

Bohr effect?

A

Increased O2 release in periphery with low pH due to protons binding histadine residues on Hb and decreasing affinity

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30
Q

Haldane effect?

A

Increased O2 in lungs causes release of H+, CO2 from Hb

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31
Q

HCO3- shifts ___ erythrocytes in the lungs (in/out) in exchange for Cl-

A

In

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32
Q

HCO3- shifts ___ erythocytes in periphery (in/out) in exchange for Cl-

A

out

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33
Q

Pathogenesis of easy bruising in Cushing’s

A

Decreased collagen and matrix GAG synthesis

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34
Q

Crystalloid bodies containing eosinophil membrane protein

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals

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35
Q

Eggshell calcification of apices and birefringent crystals surrounded by fibrosis

A

Silicosis

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36
Q

Noncaseating epitheliod granulomas

A

Sarcoidosis or Berylliosis

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37
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia causes acute pancreatitis by ___

A

Direct tissue toxicity to acinar cells

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38
Q

Elastin is composed primarily of. . .

A

Glycine, alanine, valine (non-polar)

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39
Q

Elastin interacts with. . .

A

Fibrillin

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40
Q

Extensive desmosine crosslinking

A

Elastic fibers

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41
Q

Rx for Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

A

Carbamazepine

42
Q

Mech of dantrolene

A

Prevents further release of Ca++ in to muscular fiber cytoplasm (direct interaction with ryanodine receptor)

43
Q

Ureteric bud gives rise to. . .

A

Ureters, collecting tubules and ductules, calyces, renal pelvis

44
Q

Metanephric blastema gives rise to. . .

A

Glomeruli, Bowman’s space, PCT, LoH, DCT

45
Q

+ Trendelenburg sign

A

Injury of superior gluteal nerve

46
Q

Difficulty rising from seated position or climbing stairs

A

Injury of inferior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus)

47
Q

Pathogenesis of overactive Vit D in sarcoidosis

A

Alpha-1 hydroxylase activity in macrophages

48
Q

Protein phosphatase-1

A

Activated by insulin

49
Q

Echinocandins: mechanism?

A

Block 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis

50
Q

Mechanism of terbinafine

A

Accumulates in skin, nails; inhibits squalene-2,3,epoxidase

51
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

In series, limit over-contraction (cause relaxation)

52
Q

Intrafusal spindle fibers

A

In parallel, limit stretch (cause contraction)

53
Q

Anti-Yo antibodies

A

ovary & breast cancer

54
Q

Anti-P/Q, anti-Hu antibodies

A

Lung cancer

55
Q

Extensive cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration

A

Lung, ovary, and breast cancer (paraneoplastic)

56
Q

GH increases ___ growth of long bones via IGF-1

A

Linear

57
Q

___ are the most effective preventative medicine in preventing cellular reaction in asthma

A

Inhaled glucocorticoids (fluticasone)

58
Q

Schizophreniform disorder looks like schizophrenia but is present for ___

A

<6 months

59
Q

Brief psychotic disorders are present for ___

A

<1 month

60
Q

Adjustment disorders last between ___ and ____ months

A

3 and 6

61
Q

Superficial infiltrate of mononuclear cells and eos around dermal venules; collagen bundles parted by dermal edema

A

Urticaria (hives)

62
Q

_____ prevents lactation pre-birth

A

Progesterone

63
Q

___ nerve arises at the middle cerebellar peduncle in the lateral aspect of the mid-pons

A

CN V

64
Q

Contralateral hemiparesis and Babinski, contralateral lower facial palsy and dysarthria, contralateral dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia

A

Anterior pons (basis pontis) infarct

65
Q

___ nerve arises from dorsolateral aspect of caudal pons at pontomedullary junction (below MCP)

A

CN VII

66
Q

___ nerve is the only cranial nerve to decussate before innervating its target

A

CN IV (trochlear)

67
Q

Blood supply to posterior duodenal bulb

A

Gastroduodenal a.

68
Q

Amino acids safe to give in pyruvate DHGN deficiency

A

Ketogenic-only amino acids (lysine, leucine)

69
Q

Cure for serotonin syndrome

A

Cyproheptadine

70
Q

Preferred rx for drug-induced Parkinsonism

A

Trihexyphenidyl, benztropine (anti-musc)

71
Q

Rx for drug-induced akathisia

A

Propanolol

72
Q

Pronounced atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes

A

Pick’s disease

73
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions of microtubule-associated protein tau

A

Pick’s disease

74
Q

Behavioral abnormalities, speech and language decline, urinary incontinence

A

Pick’s disease

75
Q

R/L confusion, dysgraphia, dyslexia, dyscalculia

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome (destruction of inferior parietal lobule of dominant hemisphere)

76
Q

Apraxia and CL hemineglect

A

Damage of inferior P lobe on non-dominant side

77
Q

Nests of polygonal cells with Congo red-+ deposits

A

Medullary thyroid cancer

78
Q

Problem: osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

A

Vitamin D deficiency

79
Q

Beading along anterior chest, lateral bowing of legs

A

Vitamin D deficiency

80
Q

Genu varus, rachitic rosary, Harrison’s sulci, craniotabes, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypertonia, growth retardation

A

Rickets

81
Q

Genu varus, rachitic rosary, Harrison’s sulci, craniotabes, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypertonia, growth retardation

A

Rickets

82
Q

Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration

A

Hyperparathyroidism

83
Q

Spongiosa filling medullary canal with no mature trabeculae

A

Paget’s dz of bone

84
Q

MCC of acute orchitis in young people

A

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

85
Q

MCC of acute orchitis in old people

A

E. coli

86
Q

___ most influences the prognosis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Age

87
Q

What do fibrates suppress?

A

7a hydroxylase (reduced conversion of chol –> bile acids)

88
Q

Deconjugates hemoglobin

A

Beta-glucoronidase

89
Q

Decreased C3 level, neutrophil infiltration in arteries/small arterioles, fibrinoid necrosis, pruritic skin rash, joint pain

A

Serum sickness

90
Q

Substrate for HMG-CoA synthase

A

Acetoacetyl CoA

91
Q

Decreased C3 level

A

Serum sickness

92
Q

Block cortisol synthesis by inhibiting 11-beta-hydroxylase and stimulate pituitary secretion of ACTH

A

Metyrapone testing

93
Q

Metyrapone testing with increase in 11-deoxycortisol in serum and 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in urine

A

Normal HPA axis

94
Q

Carrier proteins for ADH and oxytocin

A

Neurophysins

95
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Fructose

96
Q

___ induces decreased adenylate cyclase activity which causes poor binding of catabolite activator protein (CAP) in lac operon

A

Glucose

97
Q

Red flat-topped papules on bony prominences

A

Grotton papules

98
Q

Heavy menses, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding with minor trauma

A

vWF deficiency

99
Q

Platelets aggregate poorly with ADP; increased BT

A

GPIIb/IIIa receptor deficiency (Glanzmann thombosthenia)

100
Q

Platelets aggregate poorly with ristocetin; increased BT

A

vWF deficiency

101
Q

Right-sided face and right arm swelling with malignancy

A

R brachiocephalic vein obstruction

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