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USMLE Step 1 > USMLE secrets > Flashcards

USMLE secrets Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

digitalis moa, tox, treatment?

A

tox: diarrhea, vomiting, increased PR interval, arrythmias, blurry yellow vision (cholinergic effects); stop dig, give potassium/mg/Fab fragments; lidocaine for arrhythmia

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2
Q

things causing eosinophilia?

A

helminths, asthma, allergic disorders, AIN, hodgkins lymphoma

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3
Q

drugs ass with AIN?

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, NSAIDs, PPIs

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4
Q

ADPKD vs ARPKD

A

ARPKD presents in infancy and is always associated with liver abnormalities: hepatic cysts, congenital hepatic fibrosis/organ dysfunction

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5
Q

VHL

A

bilateral kidney cysts, AD, mutiple types of neoplasms and hamartomas; hemangioblastomas of CNS and retina, pheos, pancreatic tumors, renal cysts predispose to RCC

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6
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

AD, multiple cysts and tumors in kidney with CNS tuber formation + skin lesions, subungual/periungual fibromas, astrocytoms, renal angiolipomas, retinal hamartomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas

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7
Q

drugs that case oto and nephrotoxicity

A

loop diuretics, vancomycin, cisplatin, aminoglycosides

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8
Q

struvite vs uric vs cystine stones ppt at high/low pH?

A

struvite ppt at High pH; uric ppt at low PH; cystine at low pH

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9
Q

which stones can be seen on xray?

A

calcium stones; cystine/uric acid stones are organic and cannot be seen on x-ray

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10
Q

stones in Crohn’s

A

gall stones and kidney stones–calcium oxalate

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11
Q

CYP450 inhibitors

A

cimetidine, macrolides, azoles, isoniazid, sulfonamides, grapefruit juice, protease inhibitors, ciprofloxacin

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12
Q

CYP450 inducers

A

barbiturates, quinidine, rifampin, phenytoin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, st john’s wort, chronic alcohol use

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13
Q

treatment for Gilbert or Crigler najjar Type 2?

A

phenobarbital–increases UDP glucoronyltransferase activity

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14
Q

treatment for Dubin johnsons?

A

avoid estrogens

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15
Q

treatment for crigler najjar type 1?

A

phototherapy bridge to liver transplant

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16
Q

treatment for rotor syndrome?

A

no treatment

17
Q

diseases that hepB makes you susceptible to?

A

liver disease/HCC; glomerulonephritis (Ab-Ag deposition in glomerulus); polyarteritis nodosa; HepD infection

18
Q

HCC mets to where?

A

lungs, adrenals, regional lymph nodes

19
Q

HCC paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

IGF-1–>constitutional hypoglycemia; EPO; PTHrP

20
Q

substances that signal through cAMP

A

FLAT P + HCG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PTH, hCG, CRH, glucagon

21
Q

substances that signal through cGMP

A

NO, ANP (vasodilators)

22
Q

substances that signal through IP3 (Gq)

A

GnRH, GHRH, oxytocin, TRH

23
Q

substances that signal through steroid receptors

A

Estrogen, testosterone, glucocorticoids, vitD, aldosteron, progesterone, T3/T4

24
Q

substances that signal through tyrosine kinases

A

insulin, growth factors, GH, prolactin

25
Q

tuberoinfundibular stalk disruption by head trauma?

A

all anterior pituitary hormones decreased because lose hypothalamic stimulus, except prolactin which increases because dopamine (via hypothalamus) is no longer inhibiting prolactin

26
Q

licorice inhibits…and can cause?

A

inhibits 11B-HSD, enzyme converts cortisol–cortisone–>hypertension and pseudohyperaldosteronism–>metabolic alkalosis

27
Q

POMC cleavage gives…which hormones?

A

ACTH and MSH in the anterior pituitary

28
Q

neisseria meningitis–>adrenal?

A

Waterhouse Freidrichson: adrenal hemorrhage, septicemia, DIC, petechial rash

29
Q

neural crest derived cells:

A

chromaffin cells, parafollicular thyroid cells, Schwann cells, ANS, dorsal root and celiac ganglia, melanocytes, cranial nerves, pia/arachnoid, odontoblasts, skull bones, aorticopulmonary system

30
Q

neural crest derived tumors?

A

pheo and neuroblastoma, medullary thyroid (parafollicular)

31
Q

methimazole vs PTU

A

both inhibit thyroperoxidase (organification) centrally, only PTU inhibits T4 to T3 conversion peripherally via inhibtion of 5-hydroiodoinase (something like that)

32
Q

meds that can cause hypothyroidism

A

amiodarone and lithium

33
Q

drugs that induce uterine contractions

A

alkaloids (ergonovine), triptans, synthetic prostaglandins

34
Q

X-linked immunodeficiencies?

A

Missing WBCS: hyper IgM syndrome, Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, Bruton’s aggama..; chronic granulamatous disease, SCID;

USMLE Step 1 (36 decks)

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