Uself

Question 1

Form of communication wherein speaker uses a reason-giving discourse in order to seek acceptance of a particular claim in opposition to a claim advanced by others

Answer 1

Argumentation

Question 2

Formal oral controversy between two opposing teams;one attempts to persuade or convince audience while the other team reject the proposition under consideration

Answer 2

Debate

Question 3

● Argumentation requires at least 2 persons or 2
competing messages
● That in effect, the arguer is implicitly and explicitly
saying that he is presenting a message which
can be examined and evaluated by others

Answer 3

Convention of Bilaterality

Question 4

● The characteristic of argumentation in which the
arguer assumes certain risks brought about by his
implicit or explicit calling for a critique of his
ideas from others

Answer 4

Convention of Self-Risk

Question 5

● The idea that argumentation ought to be as
extended and as complete as possible in order
to guarantee that all consideration be aired,
considered, and defended
● As if the arguer saying “you may use as much
time as I have (or as much time as you need) to
criticize my claims and reasons

Answer 5

The Fairness Doctrine

Question 6

● Refers to the willingness of the arguer to proceed
logically
● The arguer is committed to giving reasons that he
thinks that will support his claims and ought to be
accepted by unsure or doubtful listeners

Answer 6

Commitment to Rationality

Question 7

Speakers are divided into two teams

Answer 7

Affirmative or Negative

Question 8

Presides over the discussion; and the ordinary rules of parliamentary procedure apply

Answer 8

Moderator or chairman

Question 9

Is a process that creates different belief or disbelief through an appeal to reason

Answer 9

Conviction

Question 10

Is a process that creates belief or disbelief through an appeal to the emotions

Answer 10

Persuasion

Question 11

Refers to the perception other people have on the persuader; whether they perceive him as having competence, integrity, goodwill, and credibility

Answer 11

Personal Proof

Question 12

Appeals to the attitude and motivates of the listener

Answer 12

Psychological Proof

Question 13

Refers to the way the persuader moves from data or evidence to a conclusion

Answer 13

Logical Proof

Question 14

Is a statement of judgement that identifies the issues in controversy. Presented in a debate as affirmative or negative
wherein each debater has to gain belief or persuade
their audience on their side of the argument by
providing evidences that supports their propositions.

Answer 14

Proposition

Question 15

► Questions of fact pertain to events that have
happened, are happening, or will happen.
► It aims to establish the truthfulness or falsity of an
act of judgement.
► It aims at belief and answers the question: “Is this
assertion true?”

Answer 15

Proposition of Fact

Question 16

► Affirm why something has happened, is
happening, or will happen.
► Deal with complex cause-and-effect
relationships, which by their nature are not
subject to direct verification.

Answer 16

The Proposition of Explanation

Question 17

► Assert that some individual, institution,
program, or policy possesses or lacks a
certain desirable or undesirable
characteristic.

Answer 17

The Proposition of Value

Question 18

► Also called as normative statements, are the most complex type of
proposition for they involve all three of the preceding types.
► Such questions assert that a new program or policy should be instituted.
► Implied evaluations of a given policy and may be paraphrased as “such-
and-such a policy is the best of available means to a certain desired
end.”

Answer 18

The Proposition of Policy

Question 19

Three types of policy questions:
1. A new policy may be a program for something that is lacking
or nonexistent.
2. An alternative program
3. Rejection or discontinuation of the present policy

Question 20

implies that there must be conflicts of opinion or a
conflict of interest before a discussion can take place. It should
represent a judgment or an inference and can be believed or
disbelieved, doubted or denied.

Answer 20

Debatability

Question 21

A good proposition should also be expressed in an _______

Answer 21

Affirmative statement

Question 22

is something that has at least two sides, an idea that
can be debated. Means a point disputed by
parties to a lawsuit. The starting point of debates and
argumentations.

Answer 22

Issue

Question 23

True, valid or sufficient at first impressions

Answer 23

Priima Facie

Question 24

It is the solemn judgment or decision of the court

Answer 24

Resolution

Question 25

These are issues that give relevance and are applicable
to the proposition. It is normally being utilized by the
affirmative side to formulate their prima facie case as
they also act as a fundamental element towards the
proposition.
For instance, in the proposition on the abolition of lotto,
the question that may possibly arise as a potential issue
is, “will the abolition contribute to the economic growth
of the country?”

Answer 25

Potential issues

Question 26

These are issues that the negative side
refuses or admits to exist and they can
be controverted by the opposition,
however, these can also become
future problems proven by factual
evidence on which no conflict of
opinions can contend.
In the proposition on lotto, the
negative side would do well to
acknowledge that, despite being
legal, lotto is still a form of gambling.

Answer 26

Admitted issues

Question 27

These issues refer to the standard
questions that can be applied to any
policy proposal, such as: (a) is the
measure necessary? (b) will the measure
be beneficial? and (c) is the measure
practicable?
In the case of the lotto proposition, the
stock issues may appear like these: Is
there a necessity to abolish the lotto?,, is
the abolition beneficial to the people?
and is it practicable to abolish the lotto?

Answer 27

Stock issues

Question 28

According to definition, it refers to “the statement of the
main points to be taken up in the course of the discussion.”
In certain cases, the ______are the same as the
issues provided and are considered crucial in a debate.
As certain points in the ____ do not correspond to the
issues, however, they are still significant but not necessarily
a requirement.

Answer 28

Partition points

Question 29

Partition can be presented by:

Answer 29

(a)
The abolition is necessary, (b) The abolition is
beneficial to the people, (c) The abolition is
practicable.

Question 30

● The most important element in debating
● The means of securing belief
● Effectiveness of proof can tell whether a debate is good or bad
● Effect/result/conclusion produced by evidence

Answer 30

Proof

Question 31

Proof = ____ +_____

Answer 31

reasoning + evidence = proof

Question 32

● Foundation of every argument
● Basis upon which the entire proof structure is built
● Facts that supports reasoning
● Used to prove one’s contention
● Medium or means whereby facts are established

Answer 32

Evidence

Question 33

The first test, This determines whether the rules of the court permit introduction of the
evidence in the trial; whether or not the rules set forth in the “law of evidence” have been
satisfied

Answer 33

Rule of legal admissibility

Question 34

The second test, this determines whether the evidence is likely to be believed by men in
general and whether it is pertinent or applicable to the purpose for which it is presented.

Answer 34

Logical sufficiency and relevancy

Question 35

● Examples/Instances
● Statistics
● Statements by Authorities
● Illustrations

Answer 35

Used in General Argumentation

Question 36

● Direct and Indirect Evidence
● Real and Personal Evidence
● Documentary and Testimonial Evidence
● Original and Unoriginal Evidence
● Primary and Secondary Evidence
● Ordinary and Expert Evidence
● Preappointed and Casual Evidence
● Positive and Negative Evidence

Answer 36

Used in Courts of Law

Question 37

Refer to certain facts or conclusions that may hold true at some
other time and place under certain conditions

Answer 37

Instances

Question 38

Rules of using instances

Answer 38

1. Several examples leading to the same general conclusion should be
   used
2. As far as possible, use examples which are already known to the
   listener
3. The examples should be typical

Question 39

Consists of tabulated numerical figures developed from
a collection of a great number of examples presented
as a group
Only includes figures which represents tabulations of
examples or instances
Often presented in percentages (%)

Answer 39

Statistics

Question 40

Rules of using Statistics as Evidence

Answer 40

1. Avoid the use of too many sets of figures
2. Figures usually should be presented in round number
3. Be conservative in interpreting statistics; avoid the tendency to
   exaggerate
4. Use comparisons with things known to and understood by your
   listeners

Question 41

Type of evidence which consists of statements by prominent authorities
related to the point at issue
- very effective when used in connection with other forms of evidence

Answer 41

Statements by Authorities

Question 42

Statement of authorities that made usually by government departments,
authoritative research organizations, or recognized publications (e.g.
encyclopedias or year books)
- examples: examples, statistics, illustrations

Answer 42

Statements as to facts

Question 43

Statement of authorities that statements of opinions
taken usually taken from statements of individual authorities, and sometimes
from reports of government investigating committees or of private research
organizations

Answer 43

Used independently as separate form of evidence

Question 44

An imaginative example showing how the idea works or how would it
work in practice
Varies in different fields as long as it supports the idea
Giving a vivid picture of one man’s experience
Depends for its effectiveness on the vividness and reality of the picture it
gives the listener

Answer 44

Illustrations

Question 45

3 rules that will aid in making the illustration clear and vivid

Answer 45

. To the greatest degree possible, the illustration should make use of
everyday experiences of the listener
2. Give enough details to make the picture complete
3. Use some elements in the illustration that will make the listener
remember iT

Question 46

The debater must bear in mind that except for examples, the types of
evidence discussed are only appropriate when the type of debate used is

Answer 46

Oxford-Oregon

Question 47

consists of arguments and examples used by either side

Answer 47

Matter

Question 48

style in which matter is introduced

Answer 48

Manner

Question 49

refers to the effectiveness, organization and structure and
presentation of each individual speech.

Answer 49

Method

Question 50

The one that tends to show the existence of a fact in question without
the necessity of any inference, presumption, or intervention of the proof
of any other fact.

Answer 50

Direct Evidence

Question 51

The one that tends to show the existence of a fact in question by
proving another fact or other facts from which the facts in
question may be inferred.

Answer 51

Indirect Evidence

Question 52

● Furnished by objects placed on view or under inspection.
● It speaks for itself and is “the most trustworthy type of evidence.”
● In the courtroom, it may consist of shoes, wounds, scars, and
bullets, or weapons

Answer 52

Real Evidence

Question 53

● Furnished by persons
● May be in the form of oral or written discourse or by voluntary signs
for communicating thought.

Answer 53

Personal Evidence

Question 54

● Supplied by written instruments, or derived from symbols
● Main sources are documents like public records or private writings
► Example: contracts, certificates, pictures, minutes

Answer 54

Documentary Evidence

Question 55

Derived from oral statements given in courts by witnesses or the disposition
by the one who has observed that to which he is testifying or one who,
though he has not observed the facts, is nevertheless qualified to give an
opinion relative to such facts

Answer 55

Testimonial Evidence

Question 56

● Derived from the witness’ own knowledge, therefore has a probative force of its own.
● May also fall under direct, circumstantial, testimonial, or personal evidence, depending
upon its essential nature

Answer 56

Original Evidence

Question 57

● Hearsay, derivative or transmitted, or secondhand evidence
● From the witness’ personal knowledge but from the information given to him by another
person
● To prove something seen or heard, the court usually calls a witness, a person who
actually seen or heard that thing; not anyone who says that another person saw or heart
it
● Most common exception: Ante-mortem declaration, pedigree cases

Answer 57

Unoriginal Evidence

Question 58

Most reliable proof of its existence and its contents
► Example: a copy of deed is not the best evidence; the deed itself is better

Answer 58

Primary Evidence

Question 59

● One that falls short of the standard of primary evidence, since by its nature
suggests that there is better evidence of the matter in question
● Inferior compared to a primary evidence
► Example: a photocopy or a xeroxed copy of a deed

Answer 59

Secondary Evidence

Question 60

● Secondary evidence is essentially weak and is generally
inadmissible in courts of law

Answer 60

Best Evidence Rule

Question 61

● Provided by persons without special training, knowledge, or experience in the
matter under consideration
● Limited to what they see, smell, hear, taste, or touch

Answer 61

Ordinary Evidence (Lay Evidence)

Question 62

Witness whose special skill is required in the interpretation of the fact in dispute
● Courts insist the special competence of experts should be established before they
are allowed to offer opinion evidence

Answer 62

Expert Evidence

Question 63

● Is one that is created for the specific purpose of recording certain information for
possible future reference.
● It is something prepared or preserved in anticipation of an assertion of defense of a
right.

Answer 63

Preappointed or Prearranged Evidence

Question 64

● Is one that is created without any effort being made to create it and is not
designed for possible future reference.
● It is not created to enforce an obligation or to protect a right. It is totally
undesigned.

Answer 64

Casual Evidence

Question 65

● Is one that is furnished by anything that can actually attest to the
occurrence of a fact in dispute.

Answer 65

Positive Evidence

Question 66

● Is the absence of evidence that might reasonably be expected to
be found were the issue in question true.

Answer 66

Negative Evidence

Question 67

It is the process of inferring conclusions from premises, and the
premises may be in the form of any of the various types of
evidence
● Thus, advocates use the premises they have previously
established or asserted, and by process of reasoning seek to
establish something new – a conclusion they wish their audience
to accept.
● If the audience perceives the premises as well grounded and the
reasoning is rhetorically sound, it will be likely to ACCEPT the
advocates’ conclusion.

Answer 67

Reasoning

Question 68

Reasoning or argument is either cogent (good) or fallacious (bad)

Question 69

To reason cogently, three criteria must be satisfied

Answer 69

One must start with justified or warranted premises
○ He must include all available relevant information
○ His reasoning must be correct or valid

Question 70

A statement in an argument that
provides reason or supports the conclusion.

Answer 70

Premise

Question 71

A statement in an argument that indicates
what the arguer is trying to convince the
reader/listener.

Answer 71

Conclusion

Question 72

Whenever one
reasons from a general rule to a specific case, he is
reasoning

Answer 72

Deductive

Question 73

Deductive reasoning is expressed in a three-step pattern called a ____. Different deductive arguments may have the same form or structure but
the most commonly used form of reasonings are ____.

Answer 73

Syllogism

Question 74

Moving from particular or specific items of information (evidence) to a
logical conclusion (generalization.)

Answer 74

Inductive reasoning

Question 75

Inductive reasoning often used as

Answer 75

Probability Argument

Question 76

Syllogisms compromise of:

Answer 76

Major Premise, Minor Premise, Conclusion

Question 77

All the propositions are listed by categories, declaring something absolutely,
admitting no condition, or limitation.
● The Major Premise is in an unqualified proposition, characterized
by quantifiers: all, every, each, or any.

Answer 77

Categorical syllogism

Question 78

Is a syllogism in which the major premise contains
mutually exclusive alternatives.
● The separation of alternatives is usually indicated by the
conjunctions: either, or, neither, but, although

Answer 78

Disjunctive syllogism

Question 79

Is a syllogism in which the major
premise deals with uncertain or hypothetical events that may or may not
exist or happen.
● It is usually indicated by the words if, assuming, supposing or similar
concepts either expressly stated or clearly implied

Answer 79

Hypothetical Syllogism

Question 80

is a syllogism in which the antecedent statement of
the major premise is affirmed by the minor premise and the consequent
statement is affirmed by the conclusion

Answer 80

Modus ponens

Question 81

Latin modus ponendo ponens

Answer 81

The mode of affirming by affirming

Question 82

is a syllogism in which the consequent
statement of the major premise is denied by the minor premise
and the antecedent statement is denied by the conclusion

Answer 82

Modes Tollens

Question 83

Latin modus tollento tollens

Answer 83

The mode of denying by denying

Question 84

This fallacy arises when the minor
premise affirms the consequent

Answer 84

Affirming the consequent

Question 85

Fallacy occurs if the minor
premise denies the antecedent of
the major premise

Answer 85

Denying the antecedent

Question 86

Reasoning by enumeration or reasoning from random instances
● Examines specific details or examples and coming to a general
conclusion.
All As observed so far are Bs to the conclusion that all As
whatsoever are Bs

Answer 86

Reasoning by Generalization

Question 87

Involves making a comparison between two similar cases and
inferring that what is true in one case is true in the other
❖ Factors in one’s analogy are either a cause or sign of conclusion
presented

Answer 87

Reasoning by analogy

Question 88

Cases compared are in the same classification
➔ Tom and Brad

Answer 88

Literal Analogy

Question 89

cases compared are in different classification
➔ When a dirty politician is compared to a crocodile

Answer 89

Figurative Analogy

Question 90

Causal reasoning is based on the principle that every cause has
an effect. This usually involves generalization

Answer 90

Reasoning by Cause and Effect

Question 91

Argument revolves around how two or more objects are so related
that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication
of the presence or absence of the other.
➔ During _____ one may reason either from the attribute to the
substance or from the substance to the attribute.

Answer 91

Reasoning by sign

Question 92

Certain indication of the existence of a given state
or condition

Answer 92

Infallible sign

Question 93

Probability of likelihood than certainty

Answer 93

Fallible sign

Question 94

is reasoning that fails to satisfy one or more of these
three criteria. It can be the result of of faulty induction or deduction, or the
acceptance of misleading argumentation

Answer 94

Fallacy

Question 95

) is a fallacy that insists that a
claim is true simply because a valid authority says it without any other evidence
being given

Answer 95

Appeal to Authority Argumentum ad verecundium

Question 96

is a type of fallacy wherein a
person makes an assumption that the lack of evidence of an opponent is
considered as the evidence

Answer 96

Appeal to ignorance ( argumentum ad ignorantiam)

Question 97

means “against the man,” and this type of fallacy is sometimes called
name calling or the personal attack fallacy

Answer 97

Ad hominem

Question 98

is a
fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most
people believe it, often concisely encapsulated as: “If many believe so, it is so”

Answer 98

Ad populum argument or argumentum ad populum appeal to the people +

Question 99

Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one
of the premises

Answer 99

Begging the Question

Question 100

is when you attempt to make an argument by beginning with an
assumption that what you are trying to prove is already true. The conclusion is
assumed as a premise either immediately in the argument or else assumed
mediately as a premise in a series of arguments.

Answer 100

Arguing in Circle

Question 101

This fallacy arises when an advocate asks an unanswerable,
“loaded”, or ambiguous question; or a question based on a false
assumption; or so many questions that an opponent cannot
possible answer them adequately within the available time

Answer 101

Pseudo-question or complex question

Question 102

This fallacy occurs when the advocate draws a
conclusion that does not follow from the
premises or evidence on which it is based or
when he is trying to prove something using
evidence that may appear to be relevant but
really isn’t

Answer 102

Irrelevant Reason

Question 103

This arises when one accepts a premise when
he has no good reason to accept it (and the
argument in question doesn’t provide any

Answer 103

Questionable Premise

Question 104

This refers to the omission from an argument
of known relevant evidence or failure to look
for evidence that is available

Answer 104

Suppressed Evidence

Question 105

This refers to labelling something as the
cause of something on the basis of
insufficient evidence, or contrary to available
evidence

Answer 105

Questionable Cause

Question 106

This refers to using or accepting statistics
that are questionable without further proof
or support

Answer 106

Questionable Statistics

Question 107

This involves placing items in the same
classification class although they aren’t
relevantly similar

Answer 107

Questionable Classification

Question 108

When only two choices are presented yet
more exist, or a spectrum of possible
choices exist between two extremes

Answer 108

False Dilemma

Question 109

is an argument that
suggests that a certain initial action could
lead to a chain of events with a relatively
extreme result, or that if we treat one case
a certain way then we will have to treat
more extreme cases the same way too

Answer 109

Slippery Slope

Question 110

This fallacy refers to attacking a position similar to but
significantly different from an opponent’s position

Answer 110

Strawman

Question 111

It is a fallacy wherein a token gesture is accepted as a substitute for real action

Answer 111

Tokenism

Question 112

The fallacy of equivocation occurs
when a key term or phrase in an
argument is used in an ambiguous
way, with one meaning in one portion
of the argument and then another
meaning in another portion of the
argument

Answer 112

Equivocation

Question 113

is fallacious when it is based on insufficient or unfair
evidence or when it is not warranted by the facts available; the use of
relevant but insufficient evidence to reach a conclusion

Answer 113

Unwarranted or Hasty Generalization

Question 114

Cases seem relevantly different

Answer 114

False or Questionable Analogy

Question 115

Sees things exclusively through the eyes of one’s own group, organization,
nation, etc

Answer 115

Provincialism

Question 116

This is using or accepting two contradicting claims and can be presented
by (1) one person at a time ; (2) one person at different times; (3) different
person from one constitution. It can also be committed by someone who
say one thing but does another.

Answer 116

Inconsistency