Funda Finals Flashcards
Nutrition
Sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes. What an individual eats and how to body uses it
Nutrition
Organic and inorganic substances found in food that are required for body functioning
Nutrients
The nutrient content of a specified amount of food
Nutritive Value
Essential Nutrients
- Water
- Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins
- Vitamins and Minerals
Needed in large amount is the body (hundreds of grams)
Macronutrients
Needed in small amounts to metabolize the energy-providing nutrients
Micronutrients
Types of carbohydrates
Simple (Sugar) and complex (starches and fiber)
High sugar content and solid fat foods
Empty calories
Simplest of all CHO, water soluble and produced by both plants and animals
Sugars
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Monosaccharides
Either natural or manufactured sources and have almost no calories
Sugar substitutes
Insoluble, nonsweet forms of carbohydrates. Nearly all exist naturally in plants
Starches
A complex carbohydrate derived from plants, supplies roughage or bulk to the diet
Fibers
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
Desired end-product is monosaccharides and are absorbed in the ____
Small intestine
Major source of body energy
Metabolism, storage, and conversion
____ continues to circulate in the blood and provide readily available of energy
Glucose
Glucose is stored as either glycogen or as fat in the
Cells, liver, and skeletal muscles
Made up primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen from amino acids and organic molecules
Proteins
Those that cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied in the diet
Essential amino acids
Those that the body can manufacture
Nonessential amino acid
Contains all the essential amino acids plus many nonessential ones
Complete proteins
Lack one or more essential amino acids and are usually from plants
Incomplete proteins
In the stomach ___ breaks down protein into smaller units
Pepsin
Building tissue
Anabolism
Breaking down tissue
Catabolism
Reflects the status of protein nutrition in the body. It is the measure of the degree of anabolism and catabolism
Maintaining nitrogen balance
Organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
Lipids
Lipids that are solid at room temperature
Fats
Are lipids that are liquid at room temperature
Oils
Basic structural units of lipids
Fatty acids
Fatty acids All carbon atoms are filled with hydrogen
Saturated
Fatty acid that one that could accomodate more hydrogen atoms that it currently does
Unsaturated
Unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond between 2 carbon atoms
Mono-unsaturated
Unsaturated fatty acid with more than one double bond
Poly-unsaturated
Unsaturated fatty acids that contain 1 or more unconjugated double bond in the trans configuration. Generated during industrial processing through partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Established a positive association between the intake of indstrial trans fatty acids
Trans Fatty Acids
Simple lipids, consisting of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached
Glycerides
Fatlike substances that is both produced in the body and found in food of animal origin, needed for bile acids and synthesis of steroid hormones
Cholesterol
Lipid Digestion
- Begins at the stomach but mainly digested in the small intestine through bile, pancreatic lipase and enteric lipase
- End products are glycerol, fatty acids and cholesterol which are not water soluble
- The liver and intestine will convert then to stable soluble compound for use in the body called lipoproteins
Inorganic compounds and as free ions
Minerals
_____ and ____ make up 80% of all minerals in the body
Calcium and phosphorus
The relationship between the energy derived from the food and the energy used by the body
Energy Balance
Amount of energy that nutrients of foods supply to the body
Energy intake caloric value
Is the unit of heat energy
Calorie
The energy liberated from the metabolism of food has been determined to be
4 calories/ gram of carbohydrate
4 calories/ gram of protein
9 calories/ gram of fat
7 calories. gram of alcohol
Refers to all biochemical and physiologic process by which the body grows and maintains itself
Metabolism
Is the rate at which the body metabolized food to maintain the energy requirements of an individual who is awake and at rest
Basal metabolic rate
Is the amount of energy required to maintain basic body functions; in other words, the calories required to maintain life
Resting energy expenditure
____ is calculated by measuring the REE in the early morning, 12 hours after eating
BMR
Is the optimal weight recommended for optimal health
Ideal body weight
Is an indicator of changes in body fat stores and whether an individual’s weight is appropriate for height
Formula for BMI
weight in kilograms/ height in meters
FNRI-DOST Nutritional Guide for Filipinos
Refers to a calorie intake in excess of daily energy requirements, resulting in storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue
Overnutrition
Refers to an intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirement
Malnutrition
Significant problem of clients with long-term deficiencies in caloric intake
Protein-calorie malnutrition
Non-invasive technique that aim to quantify body composition
Anthropometric measurements
Performed to determine fat stores
Skinfold measurement
Measure of fat, muscle and skeleton
Mid-arm circumference
Include the client’s usual eating patterns and habits
Dietary data
1. 24-H food recall
2. Food frequency record
3. Food diary
4. Diet history
This diet is limited to water, tea, coffee, clear broths, ginger ale. This diet provides the client with fluid and carbohydrate. Short term diet provided after surgeries, acute stage of infection. Major objective of this diet are to relieve stimulation of the GI tract
Clear Liquid Diet
This diet contains only liquids or foods that turn into liquid at body temperature, such as ice cream.
Full liquid diet
It is often ordered for clients who have difficulty chewing and swallowing. Low-residue diet containing very few uncooked foods
Soft diet
Ordered when the client’s appetite, ability to eat, and tolerance for certain foods may change
Diet as Tolerated (DAT)
Is provided when the client cannot ingest foods or the upper GI tract is impaired and the transport of food to the small intestine is interrupted
Enteral Nutrition
Devices are used for long-term nutritional support. Tubes are placed surgically or by laparoscopy through the abdominal wall into the stomach
Elimination
Identify the Altered urine
Production:
Production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys
Polyuria
Identify the Altered urine production:
Low urine output
Oliguria
Identify the Altered urine production:
Refers to a lack of urine production
Anuria
Identify the Altered urine production:
Voiding at frequent intervals
Urinary Frequency
Identify the Altered urine production:
Voiding 2 or more times at night
Nocturia
Identify the Altered urine production:
Sudden, strong desire to void
Urgency
Identify the Altered urine production:
Voiding that is either painful or difficult
Dysuria
Involuntary urination in children beyond age of voluntary controlb
Enuresis
When emptying of the bladder is impaired, urine accumulates and the bladder becomes overdistended
Urinary retention
Identify the urinary incontinence:
Occurs because of weak pelvic floor muscles or urethral hypermobility, causing urine leakage
Stress incontinence
Identify the urinary incontinence:
An urgent need to void and the inability to stop urine leakage, which can range from a few drops to soaking of undergarments
Urge incontinence
Identify the urinary incontinence:
Both SUI and UI
Mixed incontinence
Identify the urinary incontinence:
When the bladder overfills and urine leaks out due to pressure on the urinary sphincter
Overflow incontinence
Identify the urinary incontinence:
Results from factors outside of the urinary tract
Functional incontinence
Urine remaining in the bladder following voiding
Postvoid residual (PVR)
A behavior-oriented continence training program that may consist of bladder retaining
Managing Urinary Incontinence
Requires involvement of the nurse, client, and support. Clients must be alert and physically able to participate in the training protocol
Continence training
Identify the type of continence training:
Requires that the client postpone voiding, resist or inhibit the sensation of urgency, and void according to a timetable
Bladder retaining
Identify the type of continence training:
Timed or prompted voiding and scheduled toileting, attempts to keep clients dry by having them void at regular intervals
Habit training
Clients who have a flaccid bladder may use manual pressure on the bladder to promote bladder emptying
Crede’s Maneuver
A flushing or washing-out with a specified solution
Urinary irrigations
The surgical rerouting of urine from the kidneys to a site other than the bladder
Urinary diversion
The surgeon transplants the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal ileum
Conventional ileal conduit
The surgeon brings the detached ureter through the abdominal wall and attached it to an opening in the skin
Cutaneous ureterostomy
The surgeon sutures that bladder to the abdominal wall and creates an opening through the abdominal and bladder walls for drainage
Vesicostomy
The surgeon inserts a catheter into the renal pelvis via an incision in the flank or by percutaneous placement into the kidney
Nephrostomy
The surgeon introduces the ureters into the sigmoid colon, thereby allowing urine to flow through the colon and out of the rectum
Ureterosigmoidostomy
The expulsion of feces from the anus and rectum. Also called bowel movement
Defecation
What is used to check defecation
Bristol Stool Scale
Defined as fewer than three bowel movements a week
Constipation
A mass or collection of hardened feces in the folds of the rectum
Fecal impaction
Identify the fecal elimination problem:
Refers to the passage of liquid feces and an increased frequency of defecation
Diarrhea
Identify the fecal elimination problem:
Refers to the loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharges through the anal sphincter
Bowel incontinence
The presence of excessive flatus in the intestines and leads to stretching and inflation of the intestines
Flatulence
Is a solution introduced into the rectum and large intestine
Enema
Is an opening for the gastrointestinal, urinary, or respiratory tract onto the skin
Ostomy
Circulation
When the heart ejects the blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation
Systole
Is when the ventricles fill with blood. The diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle is twice as long as the systolic phase
Diastole
Beginning of ventricular systole. Closure of the atrioventricular valves, tricuspid and the mitral
S1 - first sound
Beginning of the ventricular diasstole. Caused by closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic
S2 - second sound
Depolarization of atria in response to SA node triggering
P-wave
Delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles
PR Interval
Depolarization of ventricles, triggers main pumping contractions
QRS Complex
Beginning of ventricle repolarization, should be flat
ST Segment
With each contraction, a certain amount of blood known as
Stroke volume
Is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 min Sv*HR
Cardiac output
States that the length of ventricular muscle fibers at the end of diastole directly affects the strength of contraction
Frank-Starling Law
Moves blood from the heart to tissues, maintaining a constant flow to the capillary beds
Arterial circulation
Blood always moves from an area of _______ to ______
Higher to lower pressure
Is the force exerted on arterial walls by the blood flowing within the vessel
Blood pressure
Maintains blood flow to the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure
Assisted by fall in intrathoracic pressure during breathing. Skeletal muscle activity to increase muscle contraction towards the heart
Venous return
Test for inflammatory process
C-reactive protein
N amino acid that has been shown to be increased in many individuals with atherosclerosis
Elevated Homocysteine Level
Used for clients with undergoing surgery
Sequential compression devices
Movement of the molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
The movement of water molecules from a less concentrated area to a more concentraed area in an attempt to equalize the concentration of solutions on two sides of a membrane
Osmosis
Regulates ECF volume and osmolality by retention and excretion of fluids
Regulation of electrolyte levels
Regulation of pH of the ECF by retention of hydrogen ions
Excretion of metabolic wastes
Kidneys
Pumps blood with sufficient pressure to allow urine formation
Heart
Maintains acid-balance and exhalation of moisture
Lungs
Hypothalamus makes ADH > stored and released by ___ to conserve water
Pituitary gland
Secretes aldosterone in the cortex to retain sodium and lose potassium
Adrenal gland
Regulates calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid gland
Hormone that can cause vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
Released by adrenal gland and hoes to the DCT and Collecting Ducts
Aldosterone
Sympha and parasympha neural activities
Baroreceptors
_____ in the hypothalamus from intracellular dehydration
Thirst center
Secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin
Protein in the blood produced by the liver
Angiotensinogen
proteolytic enzyme in capillary beds
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
What are the major cations?
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
What are the major anions?
Chloride, Bicarbonate, Phospahate, Protein
Is a substance that releases hydrogen ions
Acid
Accepts hydrogen ions
Bases
The relative acidity r alkalinity of a solution is measured by its pH
pH
Solution with a pH lower than 7 are
acidic
Solutions with a pH higher than 7 are
Alkaline
Changes in pH are resisted through varied
buffer systems
Influences co2 in the bloodstream, rapid regulatory measure over minutes
Respiration
Control pH by secreting/retaining Hydrogen ions
Regenerates bicarbonate or reabsorbs them
Slow process, over a few days but buffer large quantities
Renal system
Identify the disturbance in fluid volume:
Isotonic loss of water and electrolytes Fluid volume deficit
Hypovolemia
Identify the disturbance in fluid volume:
Isotonic gain of water and electrolytes fluid volume excess
hypervolemia
Identify the disturbance in fluid volume:
Hyperosmolar loss of water
Dehydration
Identify the disturbance in fluid volume:
Hypo-osmolar gain of water
Overhydration
Fluids shifts from vascular space to an area not readily accessible as ECF
Third space syndrome
Excess interstitial fluid, apparent in areas where tissue pressure is low
Edema
Edema that leaves a small depression or pit after finger pressure
Pitting edema
Always secondary to an increase in total body sodium content
Fluid volume excess
Loss of sodium and gain of water
hyponatremia
Loss of water and gain of sodium
Hypernatremia
Loss of potassium
Hypokalemia
Decreased potassium excretion
Hyperkalemia
Block sodium retention in distal tubule
Thiazide
Block sodium reabsorption in the ascending LOH
Loop
Blocks retention at the last distal tubule
K-sparing
Sensory Alterations
Comes from many sources in and outside the body particularly through the senses
Stimulation
A sense that enables a person to be aware of the position and movement of body parts without seeing them
Kinesthetic
Sense that allows a person to recognize the size, shape, and texture of an object
Stereognosis
Deficit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception
Sensory deficit
Gradual decline in the ability of the
lens to accommodate or focus on close
objects
Presbyopia
Cloudy or opaque areas in part of the
lens or the entitre lens that interfere
with passage of light through lens
Cataract
Problems that result from prolonged
computer, tablet, e-reader, and cell
phone use
Computer vision syndrome
or digital eyestrain
Tear glands produce too few tears,
resulting in itching, burning, or even
reduced vision
Dry eyes
A slowly progressive increase in
intraocular pressure (Normal IOP 10-
21 mm Hg)
Glaucoma
Macula (part of the retina) losses its
ability to function efficiently
Macular Degeneration
Common progressive hearing
disorder in older adults
Presbycusis
Buildup of earwax in the external
auditory canal
Cerumen accumulation
Common condition in older
adulthood, usually resulting from
vestibular dysfunction
Dizziness & Disequilibrium
Common condition in older
adulthood, usually resulting from
vestibular dysfunction
Dizziness & Disequilibrium
Decrease in salivary production that
leads to thicker mucus and a dry
mouth
Xerostomia
Common progressive hearing
disorder in older adults
Presbycusis
Buildup of earwax in the external
auditory canal
Cerumen accumulation
Reduced sensory input (sensory
deficit from visual or hearing loss),
the elimination of patterns or meaning
from input (exposure to strange
environment), and restrictive
environments (bed rest) that produce
monotony and boredom
Sensory deprivation
Excessive sensory stimulation
prevents the brain from responding
appropriately to or ignoring certain
stimuli.
Sensory Overload
Varied degees of inability to speak,
interpret, or understand language
Aphasia
Inability to name common objects or
express simple ideas in words or in
writing
Expressive aphasia
Inability to understand written or spoken
language
Receptive aphasia
Inability to understand language or
communicate orally
Global aphasia
Self Concept
Individual’s view of self
Self-concept
True or False:
Self concept is always changing
True
Develops trust following consistency in caregiving and nurturing interactions
Distinguishes self from others
Trust vs Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
Begins to communicate likes and dislikes
Increasingly independent in thought and actions
Appreciates body appearance and function (dressing, feeding, talking and walking)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
Identifies with gender
Enhances self-awareness
Increases language skill, including identification of feelings
Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)
Incorporates feedback from peers and teachers
Increases self-esteem with new skill mastery
Aware of strengths and limitations
Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)
Accepts body changes/maturation
Examines attitudes values, and beliefs; establishes goals for the future
Feels positive about expanded sense of self
Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20 years)
Has stable, positive feelings about self
Experiences successful role transitions and increased responsibilities
Intimacy vs Isolation Mid 20’s Mid 40’s
Able to accept changes in appearance and physical endrance
Reassesses life goals
Shows contentment with aging
Generativity vs Self-Absorption
Feels positive about life and its meaning
Interested in providing legacy for the next generation
Ego integrity vs Despair Late 60s to Death
Components of self concept
Identity
Body Image
Self-esteem
Role performance
Sexuality
First 3 years of life are crucial
Infancy and Early Childhood
Parents, educators and peer groups serve as role model
School-age years
Emotional changes are dramatic as the physical ones
Puberty/ Adolescence
Intimacy and sexuality are issues
Young adulthood
Physical changes r/t aging affect sexual functioning
Middle adulthood
Sexuality is an important aspect of health
Older Adult
Identify the factors influencing sexuality:
Impact of pregnancy/menstruation
Sociocultural dimension
Identify the factors influencing sexuality:
Contraception, abortion and prevention of STI
Decisional issues
Identify the factors influencing sexuality:
Infertility, sexual abuse
Alterations in sexual health
PLISSIT
Permission to discuss sexuality issues
Limited Information r/t sexual health problems being experienced
Specific Suggestions
Intensive Therapy
Spiritual Health
Spiritus meaning in latin
Breath or wind
They do not believe in the existence of God
Atheist
They believe that there is no known ultimate reality
Agnostic
FICA
Faith or belief
Importance and influence
Community
Address (interventions)
Stress and Coping
Process beginning with an event that evokes a degree
Stress
Tension-producing stimuli operating within or on any system
Stressors
How a person interprets the impact of the stressor
Appraisal
How the body responds physiologically to stressors
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
CNS is aroused and body defenses are mobilized
Alarm stage
Body stabilizes and responds in an attempt to compensate for the changes induced by the alarm stage
Resistance stage
Continuous stress causes progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanism
Exhaustion stage
Person’s cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage a stressor
Coping
Regulate emotional distress and thus give a person protection from anxiety and stress
Ego- defense mechanism
begins when a person
experiences, witnesses, or is
confronted with a traumatic event
and responds with intense fear or
helplessness
PTSD
recurrent and intrusive
recollections of the event
Flashbacks
Trauma
a person experiences from witnessing
other people‘s suffering
Secondary traumatic stress
it helps understand patient‘s individual
responses to stressors and families
and communities responses.
Betty Neuman’s Systems Model
Focuses on promoting health and
managing stress.
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Loss and Grief
is an inevitable part of life.
Accompanying each loss are
feelings of grief and sadness
* The experience of loss starts early
in life and continues until death
Loss
As people age they learn that
change always involves a
Necessary Loss
is a form of
necessary loss and includes all
normally expected life changes
across the life span
“Maturational loss“
Occurs when a
person can no longer feel, hear,
see, or know a person or object
Actual loss
is uniquely
defined by the person experiencing
the loss and is less obvious to other
people
Perceived loss
Is a normal but bewildering
cluster of ordinary human emotions
arising in response to a significant
loss, intensified and complicated by
the relationship to the person or the
object lost. (Mitchell and Anderson,
1983)
Grief
grief- uncomplicated grief;
common & universal reaction (anger,
disbelief, depression)
Normal grief
A person experiences
grief before the actual loss or death
occurs
Anticipatory grief
relationship to
the deceased person is not socially
sanctioned; cannot be shared openly
Disenfranchised grief
prolongedor
significantly difficult time moving
forward after a loss
Complicated grief
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Stages of Dying
Kubler-Ross
Numbing
Yearning & searching
Disorganization & Despair
Reorganization
Attachment theory bowlby
Accepts the reality of the loss
Experiences the pain of grief
Adjusts to a world in which the deceased is missing
Emotionally relocates the deceased and
moves on with life
Grief tasks model wooden
Recognizing the loss
Reacting to the pain of separation
Reminiscing
Relinquishing old attachments
Recognizing the loss
Reacting to the pain of separation
Reminiscing
Relinquishing old attachments
Readjusting to life after loss
Reminiscence of the relationship by mentally or
verbally anecdotally reliving and remembering
the person and past experiences
Rando’s R Process Model
Loss-Oriented activities (grief work,
dwelling on the loss, breaking
connections with the deceased person,
and resisting activities to move past the
grief)
Restoration-Oriented activities (attending
to life changes, finding new roles or
relationships, coping with finances, and
participating in distractions)
Dual Process Model Stroebe and Schut
Common Grief
Chronic Grief
Chronic Depression
Depression Followed by Improvement
Resilience
Trajectories of Bereavement Bonanno et al
