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History Paper 1 and 2 > USA Topic Three - Impact of the New Deal and WW2 on the USA 1938-1945 > Flashcards

USA Topic Three - Impact of the New Deal and WW2 on the USA 1938-1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of Americans were out of work in 1939?

A

17.2%

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2
Q

What type of issues did the main deal usually focus on?

A

Domestic issues

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3
Q

What proportion of Americans received some form of government relief in 1939?

A

1/5

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4
Q

When was The Roosevelt Recession?

A

1937-1938

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5
Q

How many people lost their jobs during The Roosevelt Recession?

A

Nearly 4 million

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6
Q

What did Industrial production fall by during The Roosevelt Recession?

A

33%

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7
Q

Between 1935 and 1943 how did the workers of the WPA impact the infrastructure in America?

A

built:
- 2,500 hospitals
- 5,900 schools
- 350 airports
- 570,000 miles of road
- 8,000 parks

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8
Q

Men dominated politics up until when?

A

1933 - FDR’s New Deal changed this

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9
Q

Between 1930 and 1940 the number of women in work increased to what?

A

1930 - 10.7 million women worked
1940 - 12.5 million women worked

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10
Q

Which alphabet agency employed women?

A

The CCC - ‘She, She, She Camps’

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11
Q

Which woman championed for the positions of women and ethnic minorities?

A

Eleanor Roosevelt

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12
Q

How did Eleanor Roosevelt keep in touch with the people?

A
  • through letters
  • through her ‘My Day’ newspaper article
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13
Q

Who did Eleanor Roosevelt meet to support civil rights leaders?

A

the head of the NAACP

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14
Q

What was Eleanor Roosevelt’s approval rating compared to her husbands?

A

she had a high approval rating of 67%, compared to her husband’s 58%

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15
Q

Who are the two other examples of women who show advancements for women in the 1930s?

A
  • Frances Perkins, First Woman Cabinet Minister
  • Mary McLeod Bethune, Activist
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16
Q

What did Frances Perkins do to make her significant in the advancements of women?

A
  • crafted the Social Security Act
  • helped pass a minimum wage for workers in 1938
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17
Q

What did Mary McLeod Bethune do to make her significant in the advancements of women?

A
  • founded her own civil rights organisation
  • championed for black American youth and the right of black American workers
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18
Q

By 1940, what was the unemployment rate?

A

14.6%

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19
Q

By 1940 what was the economic state of America?

A
  • Europe was at war
  • the US had experienced a partial economic recovery
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20
Q

In 1939 the top corporations controlled what percent of all income generated by business, and what did this mean for the US?

A
  • 84.5%
  • US economic power was still in the hands of big corporations
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21
Q

What can be concluded about the impact of the New Deal on unemployment in the US?

A
  • the new deal was a failure in solving unemployment but it led way for WW2 to grow the economy
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22
Q

What can be concluded about the impact of the New Deal on infrastructure in the US?

A
  • the new deal didn’t solve the economic problems but it did transform the country
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23
Q

What can be concluded about the impact of the New Deal on the overall economy in the US?

A
  • the new deal halted the economic depression
  • full recovery only happened due to WW2 when the SU became a major source of wartime production
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24
Q

What proportion of the US population did black Americans make up?

A

10%

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25
Q

What was The Great Migration?

A

1 million black Americans moved north

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26
Q

When was The Great Migration?

A

1920s and 1930s

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27
Q

What were areas of housing for the black community called, e.g. Harlem?

A

ghettos

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28
Q

What happened to the jobs of ethnic minorities during the depression era?

A
  • the poorly paid, menial jobs belonging to ethnic minorities were now being taken by white Americans who were recently unemployed
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29
Q

How did the NRA work against black Americans?

A

allowed for black Americans to be paid less than white Americans

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30
Q

How did the AAA work against black Americans?

A

didn’t support share croppers - small farmer who were usually black

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31
Q

How did the CCC work against black Americans?

A

CCC camps were racially segregated

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32
Q

How did the WPA offer hope for black Americans?

A
  • WPA provided work for 350,000 black Americans
  • 250,000 black Americans were taught how to read and write by the WPA, opening up new employment avenues
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33
Q

In conclusion what impact did the New Deal have on black Americans?

A
  • by the end of the New Deal, FDR had done nothing to end legal segregation
  • black Americans remained second class citizens
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34
Q

How many Native Americans were there at the start of the New Deal?

A

330,000

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35
Q

When did all Native Americans become US citizens?

A

1924

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36
Q

What was quality of life like for Native Americans?

A
  • poor quality of life
  • nomadic lifestyle (moved around the country)
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37
Q

When was The Indian Reorganisation Act?

A

1934

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38
Q

What was The Indian Reorganisation Act known as?

A

the ‘Indian New Deal’

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39
Q

What did The Indian Reorganisation Act encourage?

A
  • encouraged Native American culture rather than the former policy of assimilation
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40
Q

What did The Indian Reorganisation Act propose?

A
  • Native Americans would be organised into self-governing bodies
  • elected tribal council
  • an independent legal system
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41
Q

How did many tribes respond to The Indian Reorganisation Act, and why?

A
  • many tribes rejected the act
  • they did not want more government interference in their lives
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42
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about how The New Deal impacted on Native Americans?

A
  • little difference was made to the position of Native Americans within the US economy
  • the New Deal did nothing to improve their economic plight
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43
Q

What percentage of Hispanic-American children were educated in segregated schools?

A
  • 90%
  • their teachers did not speak Spanish
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44
Q

How many Hispanic-Americans were sent to Mexico during the depression?

A

400,000

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45
Q

What was the standard of living like for Hispanic-Americans?

A
  • lived in poor, temporary accommodation
  • 90% of Hispanic-American children were educated in segregated school
  • racial discrimination was widespread
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46
Q

What New Deal legislation did not help migrant workers?

A
  • NIRA
  • Wagner Act
  • Fair Labour Standards Act
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47
Q

How did the AAA (1933) impact on Hispanic-Workers?

A
  • fewer workers were required
  • consequently, many Hispanic workers lost their income
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48
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about how the New Deal impacted Hispanic-Americans?

A
  • it can be argued that the New Deal actually made their lives worse
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49
Q

Up until what year was the US armed forces segregated on racial lines?

A

1948

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50
Q

When did the US enter WW2?

A

1941

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51
Q

How many black American soldiers were there in the military 1941?

A

fewer than 4,000

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52
Q

How many black American officers were there in the military in 1941?

A

only 12

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53
Q

By the end of the war, how many black American soldiers were in the forces?

A

21.2 million

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54
Q

Why did black American soldiers serve in non-combat roles once they were accepted into the forces?

A
  • many politicians believed that black Americans would perform poorly in combat roles
  • black Americans faced racial discrimination in the armed forces
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55
Q

What are two examples of military groups composed only of ethnic minorities?

A
  • Navajo Code Talkers (Native American group)
  • Tuskegee Airmen (black American group)
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56
Q

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour (1941), what happened to the Japanese-American population?

A
  • they forced to leave their homes and were re-located to the internment camps in the desert areas of the West
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57
Q

How many Japanese-Americans were moved?

A

400,000

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58
Q

Where did the most serious Race Riots occur in 1943?

A
  • Detroit
  • Michigan
  • LA
59
Q

Why did the 1943 Race Riots occur?

A
  • black Americans still faced discrimination despite WW2 bringing an end to discrimination in defence industries
60
Q

What did the Double ‘V’ Campaign mean?

A
  • victory abroad and victory at home
61
Q

What did the Double ‘V’ Campaign do?

A
  • encouraged black Americans to fight racial discrimination by serving in the armed forces
  • encouraged black Americans to campaign against racial discrimination in the workplace
62
Q

How did the media help the Double ‘V’ Campaign?

A
  • it was encouraged in newspapers and magazines
  • it received help from white Hollywood stars
63
Q

Between 1941 and 1945 how did the overall economic performance of the USA change?

A
  • The government were now more responsible for the economy
  • America became the global economic power
  • 1941-1945: National Income, wealth and industrial production more than doubled
  • 1940: GNP was $99.7 million, 1945: GNP was $211 million
64
Q

Between 1941 and 1945 how did unemployment in the USA change?

A
  • 1933: 12.8 million (25% unemployed)
  • 1940: 8.1 million (14.6%) unemployed
  • 1945: 1 million (1.9%) unemployed
65
Q

How did conscription effect unemployment in the USA?

A
  • conscription helped to solve unemployment by recruiting nearly 12 million men
66
Q

How did WW2 effect unemployment in the USA?

A
  • the war created 17 million new jobs with wages rising around 30%
67
Q

Between 1941 and 1945 how did women and the War change in the US?

A

Women experienced great advancements during the war

68
Q

How many women served in WW2?

A

350,000 - largely on the home front

69
Q

How many women entered work for the first time during the war?

A

six million

70
Q

How were women’s advancements in work limited during the war years?

A
  • their pay and works rights were often limited
  • had to meet unrealistic expectation to ‘prove’ their ‘worth’
  • women faced sexual harassment in the work place
71
Q

Between 1941and 1945 how did young people and the war change in the US?

A
  • 16-18 year olds were not old enough to be conscripted, served on the home front
  • young people played a key role in Civil Defence
72
Q

How many young people became members of the American Red Cross?

A
  • 20 million
73
Q

Between 1933 and 1945 how did trade unions change in the US?

A
  • trade unions grew in power from 1933-1945
74
Q

How did trade union membership increase from 1930 to the end of the war?

A
  • 1930 – unions had 3.2 million members (11.6%)
  • 1945 – unions had 14.3 million members (35.5%)
75
Q

When did major strikes become an issue?

A
  • after the war (from 1942)
76
Q

How did the number of people living in large towns increase from 1940-1950?

A
  • 53 million in 1940
  • 63 million in 1950
77
Q

How many people moved permanently because of the war?

A

15 million

78
Q

How many Black Americans left the Old South in a continuation of the Great Migration of the 1920s and 30s?

A

700,000

79
Q

In 1940 what percentage of families living in rural areas lived in poverty?

A
  • just under half of all white families
  • 90% of black families
80
Q

Why did people relocate to urban areas?

A
  • allowed for them to have an improved quality of life (better access to work, education, housing and healthcare)
  • people followed the promise of ‘The American Dream’
81
Q

What was the most significant example of new industry in the USA during the war?

A
  • the development of the atomic bomb
82
Q

How much did the Manhattan Project cost?

A

$2 billion

83
Q

How many people did The Manhattan Project employ?

A

more than 100,00 people

84
Q

What was the largest single section of the war economy?

A
  • aircraft production
  • employed a large number of Americans (2 million)
85
Q

By 1944, how much had the US government spent on the war?

A

$90 billion

86
Q

What is the evidence that The New Deal brought America out of the great Depression?

A
  • The Emergency Banking Act (1939) reformed the banks and restored trust in them amongst the people
  • The New Deal promoted trade union membership at the same time as allowing the continuing development of large corporations
  • The Social Security Act of 1935 provided pensions and unemployment benefits – this was the foundations of a Welfare State and offered relief to many
  • The New Deal showed that the federal government would now intervene in the national economy
  • the WPA employed 1/5 of America’s workforce during its existence
  • the Glass Steagall Banking Act (1933) separated commercial and investment banking which helped to protect the stock market
  • the 1935 Wagner Act gave Trade Unions basic rights and banned companies from sacking trade union members
87
Q

What is the evidence that World War Two brought America out of the great Depression?

A
  • the war created 17 million new jobs, with the average wage rising by 30%
  • by the end of the war 35.5% of the workforce were members of trade unions
  • the ‘Cash and Carry’ programme
  • FDR signed a bill from Congress increasing the US navy at a cost of $4 billion
  • 1940 – nine million were out of work
  • 1943 – 780,000 unemployed
  • 18 million women were employed to help the war effort
88
Q

When was the Office of War Information created?

A

1942

89
Q

What did the WPA stand for?

A

Work’s Progress Administration

90
Q

What did the WPA do in 1933?

A

Government began production of public art

91
Q

What had the WPA done by 1937?

A

thousands of artists had created more than 15,000 individuals pieces of art

92
Q

How many people did the WPA employ by 1937?

A

6,600

93
Q

What did the WPA start in 1935?

A

the Federal Writers Project (FWP)

94
Q

What did the FWP aim to offer?

A

Employment to out-of-work teachers, librarians and writers

95
Q

What help was given in 1935 under the WPA Music Programme?

A
  • help was given to unemployed musicians

- the WPA sponsored many New York City musical groups

96
Q

How many compositions did the FMP fund in four years?

A

over 7,000

97
Q

How many people attended FMP funded concerts?

A

FMP funded concerts were performed in front of over 148 million people

98
Q

How did the FMP impact minorities?

A

Gave under-represented groups e.g. black Americans, women and Hispanics the chance to play music

99
Q

How did the FMP aid the poor and under privileged?

A

offered low cost or free concerts to the poor and under privileged

100
Q

When and how was the Fair Employment Practises Commission created?

A
  • six months after the US entered WW2 FDR signed Executive Order 8802 - creating the Fair Employment Practises Commission
101
Q

What did the Fair Employment Practises Commission do?

A
  • this order outlawed racial discrimination based on colour or national origin
  • gave black Americans opportunities for employment
  • helped encourage further migration from the Old South to the northern cities associated with war production i.e. Detroit
102
Q

How did migration of black Americans impact them?

A

living conditions were overcrowded and many black Americans were forced to live in segregated housing areas

103
Q

What was the impact of employers being forced to take on black workers?

A

usually gave black American workers low wages and menial jobs

104
Q

How did white and black workers see their wages rise?

A
  • white workers saw their average wage rise 60% during the war
  • black workers only saw a 40% rise in their average wage
105
Q

What did FDR to the Fair Employment Practises Commission in 1943?

A

FDR strengthened the power of the FEPC with Executive Order 9346 - increased the FEPC’s budget by $500,000

106
Q

By 1945 what impact had the FEPC had?

A

1945 - 8% of defence jobs were held by black Americans

Start of the war - 3% of defence jobs were held by black Americans

107
Q

What happened to the Fair Employment Practises Commission in 1946?

A

Congress decided to end the FEPC

108
Q

Until 1933 what was politics like?

A

men dominated politics

109
Q

What changed women’s role in politics?

A
  • FDR’s New Deal changed the fact that men dominated politics
  • women were employed in the government
110
Q

How did the amount of women in work change from 1930 - 1940?

A

1930 - 10.7 million women worked

1940 - 12.5 million women worked

111
Q

What alphabet agency positively impacted women?

A

CCC employed women - ‘she, she, she’

112
Q

Why was Eleanor Roosevelt important in the progression of women and ethnic minorities?

A
  • championed the positions of women and ethnic minorities - regularly met with the leader of the NAACP
  • supported civil rights leaders
  • believed women should be involved in government
  • encouraged FDR to appoint women
113
Q

How did Eleanor Roosevelt keep in contact with people?

A
  • letters

- her ‘My Day’ newspaper article

114
Q

How do we know Eleanor Roosevelt was popular?

A

Had an approval rate of 67% compared to her husband’s 58%

115
Q

Who was the first woman cabinet minister?

A

Frances Perkins - Secretary of Labour 1933

116
Q

Why was Frances Perkins important in female advancement?

A
  • crafted the Social Security Act
  • seen by many as the New Deal’s most important act
  • helped to pass a minimum wage for workers in 1938
117
Q

Who was Mary McLeod Bethune?

A
  • an activist
  • founded her own civil rights organisation
  • helped plan priorities for black Americans
  • championed black American youth and the rights of black American workers
118
Q

When did the US government create the Office of War Information?

A

1942

119
Q

What was the aim of the Office of War Information?

A

aimed to communicate the government’s views on war

120
Q

How did wartime propaganda begin?

A

propaganda posters appeared across the US

121
Q

The Office of War Information (OWI) created which character to appeal to women throughout the war?

A

Rosie the Riveter encouraged women to participate in war industries

122
Q

The slogan ‘loose lips sink ships’ was created to warn against what?

A

posters with propaganda slogans were created to warn against spies and spreading gossip

123
Q

What battle occurred in 1945 that featured in a nationwide government advertising campaign?

A

The Battle of Iwo Jima

124
Q

How was propaganda used negatively by the US government?

A

It was used to demonise the enemy

125
Q

The US possessed a powerful propaganda weapon in which industry?

A

Hollywood

126
Q

In 1941, actor Gary Cooper won an Oscar for what role?

A

His portrayal of Sergeant York, a fictional US soldier who captured German POW’s in WW1

127
Q

Director John Ford was hired to do what?

A

The US government employed him to make films about the naval war in the Pacific

128
Q

What part of the army did several Hollywood stars volunteer and join up to?

A

the Air Force

129
Q

What % of Hollywood actors joined up to the war?

A

12%

130
Q

What % of all Hollywood employees fought in the war?

A

25%

131
Q

Which major company became involved in the propaganda effort in 1942?

A

Disney - dressed its most popular marines in magazines

132
Q

Why was Hollywood a powerful tool for the US government?

A

It was very effective in raising morale, explaining US war aims and supporting government programmes

133
Q

Which two agencies were established by the Office of War Information to supervise Hollywood, and when?

A
  • The Bureau of Motion Pictures
  • The Bureau of Censorship
  • 1942
134
Q

What was the role of The Bureau of Motion Pictures?

A

produced educational films

135
Q

What was the role of The Bureau of Censorship?

A

Oversaw the export of Hollywood films to neutral countries - they ensured that negative views of the USA were not depicted

136
Q

When was the power of the radio first highlighted?

A

through FDR’s fireside chats

137
Q

Radio stations broadcast a series of talks called what in 1941?

A

‘Speaking of Liberty’

138
Q

What was an example of one of the talks broadcast in 1942?

A

‘You can’t do business with Hitler’

139
Q

Why did the US Treasury sponsor many radio shows?

A

US Treasury sponsored many radio shows where war bonds were sold in ad breaks

140
Q

What became increasingly popular in dealing with wartime issues?

A

Sitcoms were popular and were used to deal with wartime issues

141
Q

What was the most popular style of music throughout the war years?

A

Swing

142
Q

What methods were used as part of the government’s plans to ensure that troops received effective moral support?

A
  • musical entertainment
  • regular mail
  • decent food
143
Q

What band leader joined the army?

A

Glenn Miller and his band toured European battlefields - he died while travelling to entertain US troops

History Paper 1 and 2 (13 decks)

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