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History Paper 1 and 2 > Topic Three - Society in Transition 1918-1979 > Flashcards

Topic Three - Society in Transition 1918-1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

Changing Role of Women

How many women gained the right to vote in 1918?

A

8.5 million

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2
Q

Changing Role of Women

How many women stood as parliamentary candidates and were elected in 1918?

A
  • 17 stood
  • 1 was elected
  • this number remained low in interwar years
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3
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did attitudes of the parties limit women in politics?

A

Labour was the most pro-women party

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4
Q

Changing Role of Women

How many women worked away from home on farms with the Women’s Land Army in 1944?

A

80,000

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5
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did women experience a glass ceiling?

A

In employment - they were unable to secure equal pay to male workers

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6
Q

Changing Role of Women

Why were women restricted to part time work?

A

A lack of nurseries made child care inaccessible

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7
Q

Changing Role of Women

What % of women were bored of being housewives by late 1950s?

A

50%

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8
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name some key legislation for women from 1918-1944.

A
  • 1918 ROTPA gave 8.5 million women (over the age of 30 and with property) the right to vote
  • 1921 Unemployment benefit now includes wives
  • 1928 ROTPA gave women equal voting rights to men
  • 1941 TUC pledges itself to equal pay
  • 1944 Butler Education Act allows female teachers to marry
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9
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name some key legislation for women from 1944-1979.

A
  • 1961 Contraceptive pill goes on sale in UK for the first time
  • 1967 Abortion Act makes abortion legal under medical supervision, the Family Planning Act
  • 1970 The Equal Pay Act cements the principal of equal pay into law
  • 1974 Contraception becomes free for women in the UK
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10
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did local over national politics limit women 1918-1939?

A
  • women were not in line with working class men’s ideologies
  • very few women in power
  • women in politics were a foreign idea
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11
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did conflicts of ideologies limit women in politics 1918-1939?

A
  • women in politics was a modern idea
  • people pushed against the progression of women in politics
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12
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did the structure of the parties limit women in politics 1918-1939?

A
  • politics was male dominated
  • didn’t allow for women to be in the system
  • Labour = most pro-women party
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13
Q

Changing Role of Women

Which two committees were established during WW2?

A
  • 1940 - Women Power Committee
  • 1941 - Bevan establishes Women’s Consultative Committee
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14
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did pay progress during the war?

A
  • female MPs unable to secure equal pay
  • women fought ot earn equal pay compensation for wartime injuries
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15
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name three impacts of WW2 on politics for women.

A
  • more experienced female politicians meaning men could no longer deny that women were able to work in politics
  • women began working together despite differing political views
  • male MPs started taking women’s issues more seriously
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16
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name four acts which changed women’s home lives in the 1960s and 1970s.

A
  • 1967 Family Planning Act
  • 1967 Abortion Act
  • 1969 Divorce Reform Act
  • 1970 Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act
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17
Q

Changing Role of Women

What did the 1975 Employment Protection Act do?

A
  • introduced statutory maternity provision
  • made maternity pay available to all female workers
  • made it illegal to fire a women because she is pregnant
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18
Q

Changing Role of Women

How many female MPs in 1945-1955 vs 1975?

A
  • 1945-1955: 24/630
    -1975: 23/635
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19
Q

Changing Role of Women

When was the Equal Pay Act introduced?

A

1975

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20
Q

Changing Role of Women

What % of lawyers and doctors were women by the 1960s?

A

Lawyers - 15%
Doctors - 5%

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21
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name some limitations of WW2 on women.

A
  • only allowed non-combat roles
  • manual roles over formal roles (ignored skill sets and intelligence)
  • practical impacts of the war were limited (women returned to domestic roles)
  • female attitudes changed but male attitudes had not
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22
Q

Changing Role of Women

Which two services offered shelter to bombing victims?

A
  • The Women’s Voluntary Service
  • Civil Defence Forces
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23
Q

Changing Role of Women

Why did women return to domestic roles after their work in WW1?

A
  • pressure from the TUs to give returning men their jobs back
  • 1919 Restoration of Pre-War Practises Act
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24
Q

Changing Role of Women

When did Women’s Lib meet in Oxford, and what did they fight for?

A
  • met in Oxford in 1970 to set an agenda for ‘women’s Lib’
  • fought for equal education and equal pay
  • free contraception
  • free abortions
  • healthcare and provision
  • promoted feminist literature
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25
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did Trade Unions impact women?

A
  • women joined TU’s between 1914-1918: many TUs rejected women or only offered temporary membership
  • TUs allowed discrimination in the workplace to continue for women
  • the first female leader of the TUC was elected in 2012
  • Trade Unions = male dominated until 1980s - made an effort to increase female representation
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26
Q

Changing Role of Women

Which areas had a mainly female workforce during WW2?

A
  • munitions manufacture
  • parachute manufacture
  • uniform manufacture
  • aircraft manufacture
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27
Q

Changing Role of Women

Name two factors which limited women in their marriages.

A
  • 1946 National Insurance Act
  • Women’s domestic work was not recognised in divorce proceedings
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28
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did women feel about returning to domestic roles after WW1?

A

most women accepted this

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29
Q

Changing Role of Women

What was quickly re-established after WW1?

A

the marriage-bar

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30
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did WW2 change work for women?

A

Women were cconscripted to do ‘male work’ during WW2 because of a loss of manpower

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31
Q

How did the attitudes of women towards work change post-WW2?

A

the money earned by women during the war led to a change in female aspirations

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32
Q

Changing Role of Women

What impact did WW2 have on the standing of women in society?

A
  • women were not equal to men
  • men now accepted women as workers
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33
Q

Changing Role of Women

What impact did the 1950s-60s have on women’s employment?

A

the period cemented women’s participation in the workplace

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34
Q

Changing Role of Women

What changes in the 1950s-60s increased women’s ability to work?

A
  • Labour-saving devices such as the washing machine enabled women to devote less time to domestic chores
  • Shifts in the Labour Market resulted in more part-time or semi-skilled job roles
  • part-time work made up the majority of female employment
  • Government legislation also prompted female employment
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35
Q

Changing Role of Women

What change to women’s roles occured in the 1960s-70s?

A
  • Second-wave feminists challenged marriage as a main life goal for women
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36
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did the media limit progression of women’s family life in the 1960s-70s?

A
  • the roles of dutiful wife, mother and homemaker were glamorized in women’s magazines
  • the reality for many women was dull and isolating
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37
Q

Changing Role of Women

How did Women’s work progress overall from 1918-1979?

A
  • women in the workplace saw great advancements
  • Both world wars saw a rise in female employment
  • ultimately were limited by the glass ceiling of unequal pay
  • very few women in white collar sectors of work
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38
Q

Changing Role of Women

How was the ROTPA limiting to women in politics?

A
  • no clear link between the right to vote and political advancement
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39
Q

Changing Role of Women

Who was the first woman elected to the General Council of the TUC, and when?

A
  • Margaret Bondfield
  • 1918
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40
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What is the Upper Class?

A
  • a small percentag eof the population
  • had great wealth, opportunity and access to elite social events
  • owned large amounts of land
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41
Q

Challenging Class Structure

When did the Season end?

A

1958

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42
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What did the ending of the Season mean for the Upper Class?

A
  • the clear identity and social glue of the Upper Classes was slipping away
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43
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What was the mortality rate like for the Upper Class during WW1?

A
  • higher proportion compared to the other classes
  • 20.7% of Old Etonians serving died
  • 12.1% of serving soldiers died
  • largely due to the Upper Class serving as Officers who were expected to lead from the front during the war
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44
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How did tax for the Upper Class change during WW1?

A
  • faced huge rise in income tax over the course of WW1
  • estates worth over £2 millon were dubject to 40% income tax
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45
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How was the political dominance of the Upper Class diminished?

A

through the rise of the Labour Party

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46
Q

Challenging Class Structure

Why did the Upper Class maintain cultural power?

A
  • the country house lifestyle remained the goal for most Britons
  • allowed the Upper Classes to continue to wield cultural power
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47
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What is the Middle Class?

A
  • Neither the cultural elite or the manual labourers
  • Split into the Upper Middle Class and the Lower Middle Class
  • Lower Middle Class often worked very hard to seperate themselves from the less desirable working class
  • Most were homeowners and maintained white collar jobs
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48
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What was the political standing of the Middle Class, and why?

A
  • Lots of the Middle Class backed the Conservatives
  • they were very concerned with the working class invading their lives
49
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What factors drove Middle Class expansion?

A
  • the growth of respectable jobs in STEM
  • salaried jobs in management and administration
50
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How did the Middle Class view themselves?

A
  • modern
  • progressive
  • financially responsible
51
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What % of the Middle Class were homeowners by 1939?

A

60%

52
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What factor created worry for the Middle Class?

A
  • rising wokring class incomes
53
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What is the Working Class?

A
  • a mixture of skilled + unskilled workers and criminals
  • there was a great divide within the working class between the employed and the unemployed
54
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How did Trade Union membership change in the 1910s and 1920s?

A
  • between 1914-1918: TU membership rose by 90%
  • During the 1920-22 recession: TU membership fell by 40%
55
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How did the policies of Total War throughout WW2 impact the Working Class?

A

Rationing during the war promoted Working Class health and boosted life expectancy

56
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How was housing limited for the Working Class?

A

landlord took advantage of tenants

57
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How was the Working Class divided?

A
  • the employed enjoyed rising wages
  • the unemployed continued to live in squalor despite government intervention
58
Q

Challenging Class Structure

What was the political standing of the Working Class in the inter-war years?

A
  • around 1/2 of the working class voted Conservative
59
Q

Challenging Class Structure

Why were the Working Class passive from the 50s?

A

growing consumerism

60
Q

Challenging Class Structure

How did Class Structure change from 1918-1979?

A
  • the rise of mass education and welfare promoted social mobility and blurred class boundaries pre-1979
  • mass media further democraticised British society
  • Cheaper consumer goods paired with a growth of disposable income (cycle of prosperity) evened out people’s access to material goods and leisure pursuits
  • By 1979, more people identified as Middle Class owing to a growth in average wealth and income + the rise in white collar jobs
61
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the Permissive/Liberal society?

A

a society in which social norms became increasingly Liberal, especially with regards to sexual freedom.

62
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Why was the 1960s significant to the growth of The Liberal Society?

A
  • a pivotal decade when legal, medical and social changes led to growth of liberal values
  • several laws were passed regarding abortion, birth control, divorce and homosexuality
63
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What impact did WW2 have on traditional values?

A
  • they had been undermined when husbands and wives were seperated
  • promoted sex outside of marriage
  • encouraged divorce
64
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was ‘Married Love’?

A
  • a book by Marie Stopes
  • released in 1918
  • challenged the reluctance to discuss sex in public
  • suggested that women should enjoy sex in their marriage as well as men
65
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the passing of Liberal Laws between 1959-1969 seen as?

A

a move towards a more ‘civilised’ society

66
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Why were Liberal Laws limited?

A

just because legislation was changing doesn’t mean attitudes were

67
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

How were teenagers impacted by the Liberal Society?

A
  • there was decline in the importance placed on marriage
  • there was suggestions that the idea of sexual revolution was exaggerated
  • suggestions that promiscuity amongst teenagers was not the norm
68
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

When was the Wolfenden Report released?

A

published in 1957

69
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What did the Wolfenden Report state?

A
  • that the criminalisation of homosexuality was an infringement on Civil Liberty
  • that the law should protect the young and other vulnerable individuals by preventing abuse
  • that the law should not intrude into matters of personal morality
70
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Why were the recommendations of the Wolfenden Report not implemented until the mid-1960s?

A

The Cabinet opposed any proposal to implement Wolfenden’s recommendations

71
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Why were Liberal Laws controversial?

A

they looked to change attitudes

72
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1959 Obscene Publications Act?

A

made it a punishable offence to distribute, circulate, sell, hire, lend or give away any ‘obscene material’ (material likely to ‘deprave and corrupt’ an intended audience)

73
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1961 Suicide Act?

A
  • decriminalised the act of suicide
  • any third party assisiting in or encouraging suicide was committing a criminal offence
74
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1965 Murder Act?

A

abolished Capital punishment in Britain

75
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1967 Sexual Offences Act?

A
  • legalised sexual practises between all consenting adults
  • across the country there was slow but growing toleration of homosexuality
76
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1967 Abortion Act?

A

legalised abortion on certain grounds when carried out by registered practitioners

77
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1967 Family Planning Act?

A
  • removed restrictions of medical or marital status on women’s access to local authority birth control services
78
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the 1969 Divorce Reform Act?

A
  • made divorce much easier
  • to supporters - helped to end years of private suffering and domestic suffering
  • to critics - encouraged the break-up of families
79
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Why was Mary Whitehouse significant?

A
  • first became concerned about modern morality
  • she joined a group called Moral Rearmament that aimed to ‘remake the world’
  • she campaigned against pornography and her letters to the governemnt aided in bringing about numerous laws
80
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What did Mary Whitehouse do in 1964?

A

secured 500,000 signatures on her Clean-Up TV petition, which she sent to the Queen

81
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What did Mary Whitehouse do in 1977?

A

published a book entitled ‘Whatever Happened to Sex?’

82
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Who opposed the Liberal Society?

A
  • religious leaders
  • public figures
  • Conservative Politicians
83
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

Which politician actively opposed the Liberal Society?

A
  • Thatcher
  • became increasingly outspoken about her fears for public standards of decency
  • complained that ‘basic Christian values are under attack’.
84
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What was the Nationwide Festival of Light?

A
  • staged in Hyde Park in 1971
  • used to promote Christian Morality
  • attracted crowds of over 100,000 people
  • had little impact on permissive trends in the media
85
Q

Challenges to traditional ideas

What types of divides were there in the Liberal Society?

A

regional divide as well as generational divide

86
Q

Race and Immigration

What was 1914 British Nationality and Status Aliens Act?

A

introduced passports to stop wartime espionage

87
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1919 Alien Orders Act?

A
  • immigrants had to gain work permits to work in Britain
  • immigrants had to register with the police and maintain lawful behaviour or face deportation
  • all black and Asian people placed under threat of deportation
88
Q

Race and Immigration

How many Jews were there in Britain by the start of WW2?

A

300,000

89
Q

Race and Immigration

When and where was ‘The Battle of Cable Street’?

A
  • 1936
  • East End London which had a large amount of Jewish immigrants
90
Q

Race and Immigration

Who led the ‘Battle of Cable Street’?

A
  • Oswald Mosely and the BUF
91
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1925 Special Restrictions Act?

A
  • ‘Coloured Alien Seaman Act’
  • forced all non-white seamen to prove their British citizenship to immigration authorities or face deportation
  • assumed that all ‘coloured’ seamen were non-British unless citizenship proved
92
Q

Race and Immigration

Which groups fought for the rights of ethnic minorities in Britain?

A
  • Communist Party of Great Britain
  • The International African Service Bureau
93
Q

Race and Immigration

When was the 1919 Alien Order Act revoked?

A

1942

94
Q

Race and Immigration

How many Poles were recruited work work in Britain post-WW2?

A

as many as 10,000

95
Q

Race and Immigration

Which two government agencies advertised posts across the New Commonwealth?

A
  • Transport for London
  • the NHS
96
Q

Race and Immigration

What is the evidence for a growth of immigration in post-war Britain?

A

1951 - 80,000 total population of ethnic minorities (0.2% of total Uk population)
1961 - 500,000 total population of ethnic minorities (0.8% of total Uk population)
1971 - 1,500,000 total population of ethnic minorities (3.3% of total Uk population)

97
Q

Race and Immigration

What organisation was set up by the Government to investigate ways to promote racial integration in Britain?

A

the Inter-departmental Committee on Colonial People in the Uk

98
Q

What did British Universities direct their sociological research to in the 1950s?

A

the ‘colour problem’

99
Q

Race and Immigration

What did British Universities urge the Labour government to do?

A

adopt a policy against racial discrimination as racial tensions were growing in the 1950s

100
Q

Race and Immigration

What were the biggest areas of black settlement in the Uk?

A
  • Liverpool
  • London
  • Birmingham
101
Q

Race and Immigration

What were Teddy Boy gangs?

A
  • gangs formed to intimidate black men who were ‘taking their women’
102
Q

When was the Notting Hill Race Riot?

A

1958

103
Q

Race and Immigration

Why was the Notting Hill race Riot significant?

A
  • the riot escalated across Britain and lasted around 2 months
  • more than 100 whit emen were arrested
  • The Notting Hill Carnival was founded the following year to promote racial harmony
104
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the impact of Race Riots?

A
  • exposed the failings of local councils
  • led to a re-evaluation of race relations on both sides
105
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act?

A
  • if a voucher proving a job had been secured then residence in Britain was allowed
  • dependents were also allowed to come to Britain
106
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act?

A
  • sought to limit immigration levels
  • established a ‘grandfather clause’
  • immigrants must have a British-born parent or grandparent in addition to an employment voucher
107
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1965 and 1968 Race Relations Act?

A
  • established race relations boards
  • banned incitement of racial hatred in public places
  • made it illegal for landlords to discriminate on racial lines
108
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1971 Immigration Act?

A
  • replaced employment vouchers with 12 month work permits
  • more stability and security
  • meant that immigrants could only stay in Britain for a limited amount of time
109
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the 1976 Race Relations Act?

A
  • 3rd Race Relations Act
  • toughened laws against racial discrimination
  • Set up Commission for Racial Equality
110
Q

Race and Immigration

Who ran in the 1959 General Election?

A
  • Oswald Mosely for the BUF
  • Campaigned against immigration
  • Only got 8% of the vote
111
Q

Race and Immigration

What happened in the 1964 General Election?

A
  • Conservative candidate used a campaign slogan that used derogatory terms against black people
  • The candidate won his seat
112
Q

Race and Immigration

When was The National Front formed?

A

1967

113
Q

Race and Immigration

What was the stance of The National Front?

A
  • firmly opposed immigration
114
Q

Race and Immigration

How many members did The National Front have by the mid-1970s?

A
  • 20,000
  • this support collapsed by the end of the decade
115
Q

Race and Immigration

Who was Enoch Powell?

A
  • a Conservative MP
116
Q

Race and Immigration

What speech did Enoch Powell deliver in 1968?

A

‘Rivers of Blood’

117
Q

Race and Immigration

What did the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech claim?

A
  • warned of a violent future for Britain if the number of immigrants remained unchecked
118
Q

Race and Immigration

What happened to Enoch Powell after the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech?

A
  • he was fired by Edward Heath the day after the speech
  • A petition to stop his termination acrued over 30,000 signatures
119
Q

Race and Immigration

How popular was Enoch Powell?

A

an opinion poll showed that over 75% agreed with him on issues raised in his ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech.

History Paper 1 and 2 (13 decks)

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