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History Paper 1 and 2 > Topic Four - The Changing Quality of Life 1918-1979 > Flashcards

Topic Four - The Changing Quality of Life 1918-1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is a person’s standard of living determined?

A
  • access to clean water
  • adequate sanitation
  • quality of diet
  • standard of housing
  • availability of healthcare
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2
Q

What is meant by ‘real wages’?

A

Income expressed in terms of purchasing power as opposed to actual money received

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3
Q

How many people died and were injured in WW1?

A

died - 702,000

injured - 1,670,000

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4
Q

What did the real cost of living fall by between 1920 and 1938?

A

more than a third

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5
Q

How many people were unemployed by the end of the 1920s?

A

1 million

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6
Q

By December 1930, how many people were unemployed?

A

2.5 million

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7
Q

What were the worst effected areas in Britain?

A
  • The North of England
  • Scotland
  • Wales
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8
Q

What were the impacts of mass bombing?

A
  • 40,000 deaths
  • over 2 million homes destroyed (2 in every 7)
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9
Q

Who declared ‘most of our people never had it so good’ ?

A

Harold Macmillan in the 1950s

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10
Q

How did wages change from 1950-1959?

A

They doubled

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11
Q

How much did Britain spend on consumer goods?

A

1957 - £1 billion

1960 - £1.5 billion

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12
Q

Name some reasons for the consumer society

A
  • low energy prices
  • credit
  • rise in wages
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13
Q

Explain some reason for the Consumer Society

A
  • global economic boom: benefitted many people
  • consensus: maintained full employment 1947-1951
  • strong trade unions: negotiated higher wages
  • Welfare State: basic standard of living increased for many
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14
Q

What secondary factors contributed to a person’s standard of living?

A
  • work-life balance
  • levels of social capital
  • impact of relative over absolute poverty on levels of satisfaction
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15
Q

What did average real incomes grow by from 1918-1979?

A
  • fivefold growth
  • helps to explain imrpoved diets, health and housing
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15
Q

What did average real incomes grow by from 1918-1979?

A
  • fivefold growth
  • helps to explain imrpoved diets, health and housing
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16
Q

How did government intervention impact standard of living?

A
  • legislation
  • targeted spending
  • propaganda
  • all three state led factors contributed to improving quality of life
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17
Q

What technological advances contributed to changes in standard of living?

A
  • those in communications,
  • transport,
  • domestic life
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18
Q

What did Lloyd George promise by the end of WW1?

A

‘a land fit for heroes’

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19
Q

When did the post-war boom collapse into recession?

A

1921

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20
Q

When did wages for the poorest in society stop falling?

A

1934

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21
Q

Why did living standards for most Britons improve in the inter-war years?

A
  • ## prices were falling faster than wages were
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22
Q

Why did family sizes decrease post-WW1?

A
  • an increase in contraception
  • meant family incomes had to be shared between fewer people
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23
Q

How many men received disability pensions in 1921?

A
  • 1,187,450
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24
Q

Why did WW1 cause an increase in healthier eating habits?

A

rationing was implemented at the end of WW1

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25
Q

How had infant mortality been changed by 1922?

A

it had been halved

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26
Q

Why did life expectancy increase in the inter-war years?

A
  • advances in medicine
  • improved healthcare
  • improved sanitation
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27
Q

What was hospital care seen as in the inter-war years?

A
  • post-code lottery
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28
Q

What did unemployment never fall below during the 1930s?

A

1 million

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29
Q

How were heavy industries impacted post WW1?

A
  • began to decline
  • New Industries were appearing
  • heavy industries included coal and textiles
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30
Q

What did the decline of heavy industry create in Britain?

A
  • stark regional variations in living standards
  • the gap between the wealthiest and the poorest widened in the 1920s and 1930s
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31
Q

Why did the North face more severe economic depression?

A
  • high unemployment due to decline fo traditional industries
  • low consumption
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32
Q

When did Consumerism spread to the Middle Class?

A

before 1939

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33
Q

When did a mass consumer market begin in Britain?

A

after the late 1940s

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34
Q

Why was there regional variations in the consumer society?

A
  • families on lower incomes couldn’t take part in the growth of consumerism until purchase prices and running costs had fallen to an affordable level
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35
Q

What does Total War mean?

A

everyone was effected by the war

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36
Q

Why did mass bombing have a positive effect on living and working standards?

A
  • opportunity for homes to be re-built after the Blitz
  • the widespread introduction of bathrooms, kitches and modern appliances to homes
  • bombing of old industries forced modernisation across Britain which brought with it better working conditions
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37
Q

What did Total Evacuation expose?

A
  • raised awareness of the squalor in which ‘slum children’ had been living
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38
Q

Why was rationing introduced in WW2?

A

lack of supplies

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39
Q

How did rationing in WW2 improve standards of living?

A
  • provided the poorest with more to eat
  • a healthier diet was encouraged
  • However: the wealthiest had their diets negatively restricted
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40
Q

What council did the Government establish during WW2 to promote creative pursuits?

A

The Council for the Encouragement of Music and Arts

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41
Q

Why was an improved average rate of pay for workers during WW2 limited?

A
  • could only buy as much as their rations allowed
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42
Q

What is economic austerity?

A
  • reduced spending of government
  • increased taxes
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43
Q

Why did Attlee’s Labour party fail to introduce their new Welfare State during WW2?

A
  • expensive
  • would cost money the government didn’t have
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44
Q

What years was the ‘Age of Austerity’?

A

1945-1951

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45
Q

What measures did the austerity government introduce?

A
  • cut backs to deal with the cost of war
  • increased taxes on imcomes and items
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46
Q

When was rationing repealed?

A

1954
- shows the extent to which Britain failed to recover economically from the cost of WW2

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47
Q

What was Marshall Aid?

A

financial aid provided by the USA to Europe to help with recovery after WW2

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48
Q

By what point had Britain managed to recover from WW2?

A

by the late 1950s

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49
Q

How much did Britain spend on consumer goods in 1957 compared to 1960?

A

1957 - over £1 billion
1960 - £1.5 billion

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50
Q

What does a steep increase in money spent on consumer goods in Britain from 1957-1960 show?

A

consumption of luxuries had increased dramatically in a short space of time

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51
Q

What were wages like in 1959 compared to 1950?

A

twice as high

52
Q

What is Consumerism?

A

a series of attitudes and behaviours associated with the consumption of goods and services

53
Q

What were the 7 reasons for Consumer Society in Britain?

A
  • Global Economic Boom
  • Welfare State
  • Low Energy prices
  • Consensus
  • Credit
  • Rise in wages
  • Strong Trade Unions
54
Q

How did the global economic boom lead to increased consumerism?

A
  • it effected everyone
55
Q

How did the Welfare State lead to increased consumerism?

A
  • most people had a higher basic standard of living
56
Q

How did Consensus lead to increased consumerism?

A

Consensus was formed to maintain full employment which had been achieved during WW2

57
Q

How did strong Trade Unions lead to increased consumerism?

A

negotiated higher wages for workers

58
Q

What did people enjoy after 1951 in Britain which led to a growth in consumerism?

A

increased disposable income

59
Q

How did gas sales change from 1952-1970? What did this show?

A
  • they more than doubled
  • increased domestic energy consumption clearly indicated the increase in consumerism related to the home
60
Q

How did homes change in the consumer society?

A
  • more comfortable
  • warmer
  • cleaner
  • moved from open-fire heating to central heating
61
Q

Why were improvements in the standards of homes in Britain important?

A

they became places to spend increasing amounts of free time

62
Q

how many homes in Britain had TVs by 1970?

A

almost every home

63
Q

What factor was significant in the increasing significance placed on personal appearance and hygeine?

A

the role of advertising

64
Q

How did the money spent on advertising change from 1947 to 1970?

A

it increased threefold

65
Q

When did the start of the ‘supermarket’ era begin?

A
  • 1950
  • opening of the first Sainsbury’s in Croydon
66
Q

What was the significance of supermarkets?

A
  • they drove prices down
  • gave people more choice
67
Q

What were the main impacts of Credit?

A
  • allowed workign class families to buy consumer goods such as cars
  • made it more socially acceptable for people to live beyond their means
68
Q

Why were people concerned about the spread of consumerism to British society?

A
  • worried about the Americanisation of British culture
69
Q

What was ‘Shelter’ in the 1960s, who did it aim to help?

A
  • a housing charity
  • founded in 1966
  • aimed to help the 12,000 people nationwide who were homeless
70
Q

How many people were living below the poverty line in 1967?

A

7.5 million

71
Q

What were the living conditions like in high rise flats being built during the 60s and 70s?

A
  • cold
  • damp
  • dangerous
  • high levels of crime on these estates
72
Q

When did Cinema become a popular leisure pursuit?

A

during WW1

73
Q

When were ‘talkies’ introduced, what impact did this have?

A
  • 1928
  • further increased the popularity of going to the cinema
74
Q

How many times did the average person go to the cinema per year in 1950?

A

28 times
- more than any other nation

75
Q

Why did Cinema experience further popularity during WW2?

A

increased demand for escapism

76
Q

Who was cinema mainly targeted at?

A
  • young
  • urban people
77
Q

What % of young people went to the cinema once a week in 1946, how did this compare to the older generation?

A

1946: 69% of 16-19 year olds
1946: 11% of over 60 year olds

78
Q

Did people in the North or South attend the cinema more frequently?

A
  • North
  • twice as much as people in the South
79
Q

Why were there concerns with the growing popularity of cinema?

A
  • concerns about the impact of films on ‘impressionable audiences’
80
Q

What were the BBFC concerned with?

A
  • the ‘Americanisation’ of cinemagoers
  • saw it as their duty to protect Britons from bad language, sex and submissive ideas
81
Q

What did the 1927 Quota Act do?

A

ensured that british film made up 20% of those shown by 1936

82
Q

When and why did cinema attendance fall until?

A
  • late 1980s
  • growth of TV
83
Q

What was the highest recorded number of cinema ticket sales in a year across Britain?

A
  • 1946
  • 1.635 billion
84
Q

What were the major waves of American influence on popular music throughout the decades?

A

during WW1: ragtime and jazz
1930s: swing and bop
1940s: Country and Western, Rhythm and Blues
1950s: Rock and Roll

85
Q

Why were dance halls significant during the early 20th Century?

A
  • allowed working class men + women to enjoy a degree of luxury
  • seen as a socially acceptable way of meeting a partner
86
Q

Which band was significant in the 1960s?

A
  • The Beatles
  • ‘Beatlemania’ by mid-1963
87
Q

Why were the 1970s significant in the development of music?

A
  • ‘escapist’ era
  • number of different music trends in popular music
  • ‘glam rock’ in the early 70s
  • a rise in New York inspired disco
  • new music style also influenced fashion trends
88
Q

What artists were popular within the ‘glam rock’ genre?

A
  • Slade
  • Gary Glitter
89
Q

Which band rose to fame in the late 1970s?

A

The Sex Pistols

90
Q

Television was the most significant development in which industry?

A

mass media

91
Q

How did the existence of TV change the family dynamic?

A
  • shows reached a large audience so had widespread significance
92
Q

When did televisions become popular?

A

after WW2

93
Q

When were moving pictures first broadcast to homes?

A

1929

94
Q

Why did television sales increase in 1953?

A
  • the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II was broadcast on TV
  • from here TV grew more popular
95
Q

Why was television significant in changing class structure?

A

the domestication of free time blurred class lines

96
Q

When did the BBC Monopoly on free time end?

A
  • 1955
  • 14 independent companies were allowed to begin broadcasting
97
Q

What was the 1963 Television Act?

A
  • forced the ITV companies to screen two plays and two current affairs programmes in addition to the regular news broadcasts
98
Q

What two opposing genres grew in popularity owing to growth in television?

A
  • Satirical programmes became popular and influenced youth
  • hard-hitting, social realist plays were produced that contained controversial material but ultimately didn’t inspire rebellion in the working class
99
Q

When did the term ‘teenager’ begin to be used regularly?

A

after 1945

100
Q

How did ‘teenagers’ partake in the consumer society?

A
  • money from part-time jobs such as babysitters
  • could spend money on entertainment and luxuries
101
Q

What were ‘Milk Bars’?

A
  • cafes/diners that were popular with the youth in the 1950s
102
Q

When, where and by who was the first ‘Milk Bar’ opened?

A
  • 1952
  • opened by Italian Immigrants in London
103
Q

How was the music in milk bars significant?

A
  • provided by a jukebox rather than a live band
104
Q

When was the jukebox invented?

A

-1927
- In America

105
Q

How was youth culture impacted by advertising

A
  • advertisers wanted to tap into the youth markert
106
Q

How did fashion and music change in the 1960s and 70s?

A
  • mass media had widened the gap in fashion and music taste even before television
  • lots of options available for the youth to adopt
107
Q

What were some popular fashion styles in the 60s and 70s?

A
  • Mods
  • Rockers
  • Hippies
  • Skinheads
  • Punks
108
Q

What was adult perception of youth culture like? Was this an accurate perception?

A
  • many adults felt that youth was out of control
  • the reality was that there had only been a slight increase in youth crime throughout the 50s and 60s
109
Q

What created a national community of interest in sports?

A
  • radio
  • national press
110
Q

What two sports were considered national sports because of their popularity?

A
  • football
  • cricket
111
Q

What was the first sporting event to be televised?

A

1948 London Olympics

112
Q

Why was the televising of the 1948 London Olympics limited?

A
  • low sales of TV sets
  • broadcast radius of only 25 miles
113
Q

How did TV increase the scale revenue tied of sport?

A
  • it injected lots of media and advertsing revenue into sport
  • provided a large incentive for professional players to assert their worth and reject earlier financial limits
114
Q

What was the significance of Britain in the nationalisation of sport?

A

Britain was the global leader in transforming local games to national sports through clearly and consistently maintained rules

115
Q

Why was it easier for Britain to organise sports teams and establish leagues?

A
  • Britain was the first industrial nation
  • workers were easily split into teams and from there into leagues
116
Q

What made national leagues possible in Britain?

A

a rise in:
- mass transport
- communications

117
Q

When was the Football Association founded?

A

1888

118
Q

How did sports clubs hold significance?

A

became a source of local pride and loyalty

119
Q

How did working hours fit around sport?

A
  • regular working hours and saturday half-day allowed for involvement in competitive sport
  • encouraged by bosses as a healthy use of free time
120
Q

Growth in what three areas accelerated interest in football?

A
  • national newspapers
  • radio
  • cinema
121
Q

How did average attendance at top football matches change from 1914 to 1938?

A

1914: 23,000
1938: 31,000

122
Q

How did average attendance at top football matches change from 1914 to 1938?

A

1914: 23,000
1938: 31,000

123
Q

Why were people drawn to football matches?

A

low ticket prices

124
Q

How did attendance to football matches change from 1960-70 to 1979-80? Why did this occur?

A
  • 1969-70: 29.6 million
  • 1979-80: 24.6 million
  • growth of TV
125
Q

What was ‘Hooliganism’?

A
  • violence at sporting events from fans
126
Q

How many people watched England win the 1966 World Cup on TV?

A

32 million people

127
Q

What did football become increasingly dominated by?

A

the interests of big business
- seen through a rise in advertising at football matches

History Paper 1 and 2 (13 decks)

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