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History Paper 1 and 2 > Topic One - A Changing Political Environment 1918-1979 > Flashcards

Topic One - A Changing Political Environment 1918-1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the dates of the First World War?

A

1914-1918

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2
Q

How many men did Britain lose in the war by its end in November 1918?

A

over 750,000

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3
Q

How much money did Britain owe by the end of WW1?

A

£1 billion

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4
Q

Which country did Britain owe the most money to by the end of WW1?

A

the USA

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5
Q

What was the Political context of Britain in 1918?

A
  • Lack of democracy in Europe led to support for facism and communism
  • More power for the working class
  • Gov’t intervention
  • Increased democracy
  • More awareness of rights
  • Socialism v Capitalism
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6
Q

What three time periods can the Politcal Landscape in Britain from 1918-1979 be broken down into?

A
  • Changes in Party Fortunes 1918-1931
  • The National Goverment 1931-1945
  • Consensus and Challenge 1945-1979
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7
Q

What was the Economic context of Britain in 1918?

A
  • Huge debt from WW1
  • Industrial unrest
  • Socialism v Capitalism
  • British Empire
  • Loss of trade markets
  • Increasing power of USA
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8
Q

What three time periods can the Economic Landscape in Britain from 1918-1979 be broken down into?

A
  • Post-War Boom and Recovery 1918-1939
  • Creating a Managed Economy 1939-1951
  • Response to Economic Challenges 1951-1979
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9
Q

What was the Social context of Britain in 1918?

A
  • Shift from aristocratic power to more power for working class
  • Urban society
  • Increasing leisure and free time
  • More demand for welfare
  • Working class demands
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10
Q

What three time periods can the Change in the Workplace in Britain from 1918-1979 be broken down into?

A
  • Industrial Relations 1918-1939
  • Changing Workplace 1939-1979
  • Industrial Relations 1939-1979
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11
Q

What factors contributed to Liberal Decline?

A
  • Failure to deal with threats from trade unions
  • Suffragettes
  • Problems in Northern Ireland
  • Inability to cater to class voting
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12
Q

Who took over from Asquith as Liberal Party leader, and when?

A

David Lloyd George in 1916

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13
Q

How was David Lloyd George different from Asquith as a leader?

A

Lloyd George favoured more government intervention - unpopular

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14
Q

What did some people seeing Lloyd George as a traitor to the Liberal party cause?

A

Divisions within the Liberal Party between ideologies and leaders

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15
Q

How were divisions in the Liberal Paty furthered?

A

more divisions occured as LLoyd George became increasingly reliant on support from the Conservative Party in the coalition.

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16
Q

When was the Representation of The People Act passed?

A

1918

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17
Q

What did the 1918 ROTPA do?

A

it extended the franchise - gave all working class men and some women the right ot vote

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18
Q

What is an example of some of the restrictions that remained on women’s votes up until 1928?

A

Women had to be over 30 to vote

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19
Q

By 1928, what % of the electorate was made up by women?

A

43%

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20
Q

What % of the electorate was made up of the working classes?

A

80%

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21
Q

By how much had the size of the electroate increased by 1928?

A

x3 (trebled in size)

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22
Q

In what year did the Labour Party form?

A

1900 - they had always been a smaller party

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23
Q

In what year did Labour gain more votes than the Liberals?

A

1923

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24
Q

Who was the first Labour Prime Minister?

A

Ramsey MacDonald

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25
Q

In what year was the first Labour Prime Minister elected?

A

1924

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26
Q

When did the Labour party become more united?

A

at the end of WW2

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27
Q

What led to increasing Labour support post WW1?

A

A rise in Trade Unions

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28
Q

What group of people in society did Labour support and appeal to?

A

Labour supported a working class identity - promised 1 million new houses to be built and higher taxes for the rich

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29
Q

When did ex-Liberal PM Asquith support a Labour government?

A

1923

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30
Q

Why was the support of Asquith in 1923 significant to the success fo the Labour Party?

A
  • Asquith still had a lot of supporters and influence (internal conflicts between LLoyd George and Asquith)
  • All of Asquith’s supporters followed his advice and began to support the Labour Party over the Liberals
  • Asquith’s mis-judged decision led to heavy losses for the Liberals
  • Asquith underestimated Labour’s strentgh
  • Labour did not need to form a coalition with the Liberals
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31
Q

What was the reputation of Ramsey MacDonald?

A

MacDonald was viewed as a calm and reasoned leader

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32
Q

What type of party were the Conservatives seen as?

A

Conservatives seen as a party of wealth and privilege - yet remained successful

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33
Q

Who was the Conservative Prime Minister throughout the 1920s and 30s?

A

Stanley Baldwin

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34
Q

What was Stanley Baldwin called?

A

‘a man of the people’
- came from a working class background, appealed to the working class experience

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35
Q

Why did the policy of Plural Votes lead to Conservative Success?

A
  • people who were at university could vote at home and at university
  • Conservative Party gained more votes
  • Not many people from a working class background able to attend University
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36
Q

What other factors aided in the success of the Conservative Party?

A
  • Britain was a One Party Nation
  • Safety first and economic policies
  • Protectionism
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37
Q

What was the outcome of the 1918 Election?

A

1918 Election saw an overwhelming victory for the wartime coalition

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38
Q

What was the outcome of the election of 1922?

A
  • Conservatives won an overall majority
  • Labour won 142 seats and became teh official opposition party.
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39
Q

What happened to Labour in the 1923 election?

A

The Labour governement faced many problems in the 1923 election - was eventually brought down by the Campbell Affair and the Zinoviev Letter

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40
Q

What was The Campbell Affair?

A
  • Communist magazine editor, J.R. Campbell accused of inciting a mutiny in one of his articles
  • Labour Attorney General withdrew the charges
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41
Q

What was the outcome of The Campbell Affair?

A
  • Liberals accused the gov’t of being pro-revolution and withdrew support
  • The Labour Gov’t resigned
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42
Q

What was The Zinoviev Letter?

A
  • a letter in which a supposed leading Russian Communist advised the Communist Party on how to effect a revolution in Britain
  • published in the Daily Mail
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43
Q

What was the outcome of The Zinoviev Letter?

A
  • the letter was subsequently proven to be a hoax
  • did irreparable harm to the Labour Governement
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44
Q

What were the years of The National Government?

A

1931-1945

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45
Q

Who were the four National Government Prime Minister’s?

A
  • Ramsay MacDonald
  • Stanley Baldwin
  • Neville Chamberlain
  • Winston Churchill
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46
Q

What years was Ramsay MacDonald National Government PM?

A

1931-1935

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47
Q

What years was Stanley Baldwin National Government PM?

A

1935-1937

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48
Q

What years was Neville Chamberlain National Government PM?

A

1937-1940

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49
Q

What years was Winston Churchill National Government PM?

A

1940-1945

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50
Q

What was The National Government?

A

a coalition governemnt formed in a time of National crisis, where party differences take second place to national interests.

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51
Q

Why was the National Governemnt first formed?

A
  • post Wall Street Crash
  • Labour MP’s disagreed on making cuts
  • PM Ramsay MacDonald was expelled from the party and formed the National Government
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52
Q

How did the National Government remain in power for ten years?

A

National Governemnt took a political middle ground whilst extreme political parties failed to gain support (Right Wing = BUF, Left Wing = CPGB)

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53
Q

Who was the ‘British Union of Fascists’ formed by?

A

Oswald Mosely

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54
Q

What was the aim of the BUF?

A

wanted to emulate Mussolini’s facist Italy

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55
Q

What were some characteristics of the BUF?

A
  • racist
  • anti-Semitic
  • Right Wing Political Party
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56
Q

What was the ‘Battle of Cable Street’?

A

a BUF march through East London that became a violent clash in October 1936

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57
Q

Which Left Wing Political Party gained one MP in 1924 and 1935?

A

The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)

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58
Q

Why was Communism rejected by the British Public?

A

strength of the Trade Unions and the Labour Party

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59
Q

What were the general feelings of the British Public towards the CPGB?

A
  • people preferred home grown socialism to the ideals of Communism
  • the CPGB opposed the war until Russia became involved – lost the support of the British Public
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60
Q

What act was passed in the face of threats from extremist groups?

A

the Public Order Act

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61
Q

What year was the Public Order Act passed?

A

1936

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62
Q

What did the Public Order Act do?

A
  • banned inflammatory political meetings
  • banned the wearing of military style unifroms
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63
Q

What did the Public Order Act do?

A
  • banned inflammatory political meetings
  • banned the wearing of military style uniforms
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64
Q

Between 1931-1939 how did the Government protect the British industry?

A
  • implemented severe spending cuts
  • introduced tariffs
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65
Q

When was the Import Duties Act introduced?

A

1932

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66
Q

What did the Import Duties Act do?

A

introduced a 10% tariff on most imports

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67
Q

What was the interest rate reduced to?

A

from 6% to 2%

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68
Q

What impact did The Import Duties Act and the reduced interest rates have?

A

helped stimulate recovery by encouraging borrowing

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69
Q

When was the Unemployment Act introduced?

A

1934

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70
Q

What did the Unemployment Act do?

A

introduced a ‘means test’ for people whose employment insurance had ran out

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71
Q

When was The Special Areas Act introduced?

A

1934

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72
Q

What did the Special Areas Act do?

A

introduced grants to try and stimulate economic growth in depressed areas

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73
Q

What policy did later National Government PMs adopt to help ease the economic difficulties of the 1930s?

A

rearmament

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74
Q

Why did Labour win the 1945 election despite Churchill winning the war?

A
  • Conservatives were associated with the Depression of 30’s
  • failure of Conservatives to build a ‘home for heroes’ after WW1
  • Labour had been part of the wartime coalition (e.g. Attlee)
  • Labour had a good campaign
  • Churchill was a good wartime leader, not a good peacetime leader
  • Churchill’s gestapo speech
  • Labour represented a changing Britain
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75
Q

What is Consensus politics?

A

When two main parties adopt some of each other’s policies

76
Q

What are the main reasons for a shift to Consensus politics?

A
  • WW2 / a switch to collectivism
  • fear of economic depression
  • Conservative leaders were more progressive
77
Q

What were some of the economic iniatives of Attlee’s government?

A
  • Nationalism
  • Planning
  • Control Measures and Austerity
78
Q

Who were the PMs of the 1951-1964 Conservative Government?

A
  • Winston Churchill (1951-1955)
  • Eden (1955-1957)
  • Macmillan (1957-1964)
  • Douglas-Home (1963-1964)
79
Q

How did the Conservative Government of 1951-1964 show Consensus?

A
  • couldn’t argue against the NHS as it was already too popular
  • accepted Labour’s newly created Welfare State
80
Q

How did the Conservative Government of 1951-1964 show limits to Consensus?

A
  • Fixated heavily on the Cold War rather than what was happening within Britain
  • Prioritised foreign over domestic policy
81
Q

How did the Labour Government of 1964-1970 show Consensus?

A
  • British money was spent on military
82
Q

How did the Labour Government of 1964-1970 show limits to Consensus?

A
  • focused on economy
  • improve pensions
83
Q

How did the Conservative Government of 1970-1974 show Consensus?

A

The Barber budget

84
Q

How did the Conservative Government of 1970-1974 show limits to Consensus?

A
  • break Consensus
  • bad relationships with trade unions
85
Q

How did the Labour Government of 1974-1979 show Consensus?

A
  • no classes
  • focused on economy
86
Q

How did the Labour Government of 1974-1979 show limits to Consensus?

A

Callaghan began to abandon key aspects of post war economic consensus

87
Q

What economic policies followed by governments in Britain was failing by the 1970s?

A

Keynesian Economic Policies

88
Q

What were the main economic difficulties faced from 1918-1979?

A
  • The level of Governemnt debt
  • The balance of payments
  • The value of the £ against other currencies
  • Inflation
  • Unemployment
89
Q

What were the main causes of the extremely tough economic situation in Britain between 1918-1979?

A
  • Industrial competition
  • The impact of WW1 and WW2
  • The Great Depression
  • OPEC Oil Crisis in 1973
  • Solutions offered by politicians worsesned the situation
90
Q

What were inflation rates like in 1918?

A

High

91
Q

What wwas the economic state of Britain after WW1?

A

experienced a short-lived economic boom that ended in a recession by 1920

92
Q

What were some problems faced in Britain post-WW1?

A
  • loss of trade
  • debt
  • value of the £
  • Inflation
  • lack of technological development
93
Q

By 1921 how many workers were unemployed as a result of the 1920 Recession?

A

2 million

94
Q

When was teh General Strike?

A

1926

95
Q

In 1921, which three groups of workers striked?

A
  • Rail
  • Coal
  • Shipyard
96
Q

When did Britain leave the Golf Standard?

A

1931

97
Q

How did Trade Unions impact the British Economy post-WW1?

A
  • TUs were very powerful
  • Caused reduced productivity levels
98
Q

How did the economic position of Britian improve by the mid-1930s?

A
  • British exports became 25% cheaper + more competitive
  • Interest rates cut from 6% to 2%
99
Q

How did ‘Tax, Spending and Balancing the Budget’ aim to improve the British economy from 1918-1939?

A
  • tried to reduce infation
  • treied to repay debt
100
Q

What measures did ‘Tax, Spending and Balancing the Budget’ put in place?

A
  • Government spending was cut dramatically
  • Welfare cuts
  • Increased taxes
101
Q

Was ‘Tax, Spending and Balancing the Budget’ successful?

A
  • it was unsuccessful
  • it did save money
  • BUT it contributed to the growing unemployment
  • Spending began rising again after 1924
102
Q

What was the policy of ‘Interest Rates and The Value of the £’?

A
  • high rates of interest set to cut inflation
103
Q

What was the impact of ‘Interest Rates and The Value of the £’?

A
  • increased the value of the £ against other currencies
  • this made it more to borrow and invest so more people saved instead of spent
  • led to a post war boom (1919-1920)
104
Q

Was ‘Interest Rates and the Value of the £’ successful?

A
  • successful in the short term
  • post war boom was brief and followed by a large recession
105
Q

What was the policy of ‘Protectionism’?

A

Tariffs on foreign goods

106
Q

What was the impact of ‘Protectionism’?

A
  • old industries lost power to newer industries
107
Q

Was ‘Protectionism’ successful?

A
  • successful in short term as it led to greater competition + investment not being directed into newer industries
  • However… limited by the fear of the public + the cost of food being imported.
108
Q

When was the period of ‘Managed Economy’?

A

1939-1951

109
Q

What was Managed Economy?

A

the development of a centrally controlled economy in an effort to:
- manage wartime production
- facilitate post war recovery

110
Q

What were some of the Total War policies that the National Government introduced during WW2?

A
  • conscription
  • rationing
111
Q

What was the long-term impact of Total War policies?

A

led to long term increased acceptance of government management of the economy

112
Q

How many people were employed in the war effort by 1945? (munitions, other war work, armed forces)

A
  • 3.2 million people employed in munitions
  • 4 million people employed in other war work
  • 5.5 million people employed in the armed forces
113
Q

What did the government declare by 1944?

A

declared its long-term responsibility for the maintenance of high employment

114
Q

How long did Post-War Austerity last?

A

1945-1951

115
Q

How much debt had Britian accumulated to the USA during WW2?

A

over £4 billion

116
Q

What was the result of Britain’s effort to pay back wartime debt whilst also managing the cost of the Welfare State?

A
  • value of the £ decreased (-30% by 1949)
  • Trade faced heavy losses (-66%)
117
Q

What were Attlee’s two main focuses from 1945-1951?

A
  • managing post-war economy
  • The Welfare State
118
Q

What financial aid was offered by America in 1948, and why?

A
  • Marshall Aid offered in 1948
  • America feared European Communism
119
Q

How much money did Britain receive from Marshall Aid as one of the biggest recipients?

A

up to £2.7 billion

120
Q

What was a key policy of the Post War Austerity Era?

A

Nationalisation

121
Q

What acts were passed by the policy of Nationalisation?

A
  • 1946 Coal Industry Nationalisation Act
  • 1946 Bank of England Act
  • 1947 Transport Act
  • 1947 Electicity Act
  • 1948 Gas Act
  • 1949 Iron and Steel Act
122
Q

What is the age of austerity widely known as?

A

a period of poor living standards

123
Q

When did Labour achieve full employment in Britain in the age of austerity?

A

between 1947 and 1951

124
Q

How did British trade improve under Labour in the age of austerity?

A

Britain increased its % of world trade

125
Q

How much % did British economy grow by each year following 1948, and throughout the 1950s?

A

4%

126
Q

What was the economic climate in Britain from 1951-1979?

A
  • saw a period of sustained economic growth which lasted until early 1970s
  • 1950s-1970s governments faced a series of recurrent economic problems that they were seemingly unable to solve
127
Q

What were the major economic problems faced from 1951-1979?

A
  • Inflation
  • Unemployment
  • Slow Growth
  • Stagflation
  • OPEC Oil Crisis 1973
  • Devaluation of the £
  • Production declining
128
Q

What was the economic climate of the 1950s?

A
  • period of affluence
  • increased consumer spending - people could now borrow and spend money
  • increase in imports led to increasing difficulties in balance of payments
129
Q

How much did consumer spending rise by in the 1950s?

A

45%

130
Q

Who coined the term ‘Butskellism’?

A

‘The Economist’

131
Q

What was Butskellism?

A
  • the almost identical policies of Labour and Conservatives in the 1950s
  • Labour’s Hugh Gaitskell + Conservative’s Rab Butler
132
Q

What policies did both Labour and the Conservatives accept in the 1950s?

A
  • A Keynesian approach to economics
  • Commitment to a ‘mixed’ economy
  • Maintaining welfare support introduced by Attlee
133
Q

What was a Keynsian approach to economics?

A

focused on:
- spending
- full employemnt

134
Q

What was a ‘mixed’ economy?

A

private + nationalised industry

135
Q

What was the Conservative economic policy of 1951-1964?

A

‘Stop-Go Economics’

136
Q

What was ‘Stop-Go’ economics?

A
  • focused on short term problems
  • encouraged consumer spending by relaxing laws on borrowing and credit
  • Low interest rates and taxes introduced
137
Q

What problems was ‘Stop-Go’ used to deal with?

A
  • Inflation
  • Unemployment
  • Stagflation
138
Q

What were the issues with ‘Stop-Go’ economics?

A
  • It was an inconsistent policy
  • Controlling both unemployemnt and inflation was impossible
139
Q

Was ‘Stop-Go’ a success?

A

No
- Short term not long term
- had disastrous long term impacts
- led to a large rise in inflation in the 1970s
- was damaging to the economy overall
- accused of placing party policies ahead of economic struggles

140
Q

What years was Harold Macmillan PM?

A

1957-1963

141
Q

What economic policy did Macmillan’s government follow?

A

Corporatism Policy
(Planned Economy)

142
Q

What did Macmillan’s Corporatism Policy aim to do?

A
  • bring the labour force, management and the government together through corporations
143
Q

In 1961 what two organisations were set up By Macmillan to develop a planned economy?

A
  • NEDDY
  • NICKY
144
Q

What was NEDDY in 1961?

A
  • aimed to rpoduce reports for future economy
  • recommended pay freezes
  • recommended tax increases
145
Q

What was NICKY in 1961?

A

-advisory board for trade unions and management
- tried to influence wage levels

146
Q

Were NEDDY and NICKY successful?

A
  • both ineffective
  • did little for the economy
147
Q

What solution attempted to deal with slow growth?

A

Nationalisation

148
Q

Was Nationalisation successful?

A

Yes - it increased employment
No - Cost a lot, Did not allow for the development of technology

149
Q

By mid-60’s, what were Conservative and Labour government being accused of?

A
  • papering over problems rather than solving them
  • short term over long term
150
Q

When was ‘Stagflation’ a prominent issue in Britain?

A

1964-1979

151
Q

What is Stagflation?

A

Economic Stagnation and Inflation

152
Q

Which two Labour governments failed to improve the economic track record of the Conservatives in the 1960-1970s?

A
  • Wilson
  • Callaghan
  • Continued to use Stop-Go economics
153
Q

What is the Cycle of Downward Spiral which leads to Stagflation?

A
  1. Lack of production
  2. Lack of income
  3. Rise in unemployment
  4. Decline in spending
  5. Lack of money to invest
  6. Value of currency declined
  7. Repeat
154
Q

What did Wilson attempt to improve in the 1960s, why did he fail?

A
  • economic planning
  • invested in the ‘white heat’ of technology
  • failure because of continuing stagflation
155
Q

What happened in 1967?

A

Devaluation of the £

156
Q

What issue did devaluation of the £ aim to solve?

A

Stagflation

157
Q

How much did Wilson devalue the £ in 1967?

A

from $2.80 to $2.40

158
Q

What speech did Wilson famously deliver?

A
  • tried to reassure British people through the ‘pound in your pocket’ speech
159
Q

Was Wilson’s ‘Pound in your pocket’ speech successful?

A
  • no
  • Wilson suffered a huge loss of credibility
  • Had previously claimed he wanted to avoid further devaluation of the £
160
Q

In the 1960’s how many days were lost to stirke beacuse of growing TU unrest?

A

3.6 million

161
Q

How many were put out of work in 1964?

A

900,000

162
Q

WHat did the DEA do under Wilson?

A

Created a National plan to stimulate growth

163
Q

What does the DEA stand for?

A

Department of Economic Affairs

164
Q

Why was the DEA a failure?

A
  • lack of departmental resources
  • lack of authority
  • bad relations
165
Q

How many working days were lost to strike in 1970?

A

10+ million

166
Q

How mnay unemployed in 1970-1971?

A

1 million

167
Q

What was the average unemployment rate from 1970-1974?

A

5.4%

168
Q

What was the inflation rate in 1970?

A

6.4%

169
Q

What changes did the Heath government of 1970-1974 introduce?

A
  • reduced state intervention (hands off approach)
  • budget of 1971 cut spending and tax
  • tried to control the Trade Unions
170
Q

How much money did Heath’s governemnt pay into the economy?

A

£2.5 billion

171
Q

How much did inflation rise by from 1970-1974?

A

20%

172
Q

What did unemployment rise to by 1972?

A

over 1 million

173
Q

What had unemployment been brought down to by 1974?

A
  • 550,000
  • not enough to reverse economic decline
174
Q

When was the OPEC Oil CRisis?

A

1973

175
Q

What was the OPEC Oil Crisis?

A
  • a sudden rise in the price of oil accompanied by decreased supply
  • OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) quadrupled the price of oil
176
Q

What was the impact of the OPEC Oil Crisis?

A
  • Oil prices rose by 400% (could no longer be afforded)
  • Britain fell into steep recession
  • rising inflation
  • oil dependency had to decrease
  • issues with transport and energy
177
Q

What led to Industrial unrest in Britain?

A
  • changing technologies
  • growth of international competition
178
Q

Why did Britain fall behind in technological advancements following WW1?

A
  • factories in other countries such as France were being rebuilt following boming throughout the war
  • Britain still relied on old industries such as mine, rail and shipyard work
179
Q

Until the 1980s, what were most of the jobs in Britain?

A

traditional blue collar work

180
Q

How did regional divisons play a part in industrial unrest?

A
  • areas which manufactured new technology and where money was being invested benefitted
  • Workers in areas of ‘old industries’ suffered greatly
181
Q

How did government and trade union approach to industrial unrest differ?

A
  • governments wanted to maintain a healthy and competitive economy
  • trade unions wanted to protect working conditions of workers
182
Q

What caused a decline in trade post WW1?

A
  • New technologies
  • competition
  • WW1
  • trade unions
  • poor industrial relations
  • high unemployment
183
Q

How many days were lost to strike in 1919?

A

32 million

184
Q

What factors led to the General Strike in 1926?

A
  • TU militancy
  • Economic depression
  • Fear of Communism
  • Problems surrounding the coal industry being out of date
185
Q

When and where was the General Strike planned?

A

TUC (Trades Union Congress) Conference - May 1st 1926

186
Q

What was the outcome of the General Strike?

A
  • the miners were defeated
  • the TUC was ruined
187
Q

What did TUC membership fall to after the General Strike?

A
  • TUC membership fell from:
  • 5.5 million in 1925
  • 3.75 million in 1930

History Paper 1 and 2 (13 decks)

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