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A level history: Cold War > US containment in Asia -> the triumph of communism in China 1945-50 > Flashcards

US containment in Asia -> the triumph of communism in China 1945-50 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cold war in Asia a conflict between?

A

the Cold War is a conflict between imperialism and third world nationalism previously displayed by the Opium wars waged between the Qing dynasty and Western powers in the mid-19th century -> Britain went to war with China to force them to open their markets

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2
Q

how did China enter the ‘century of humiliation’ ?

A
  • The resulting concession of Hong Kong after the Opium wars compromised China’s territorial sovereignty - and led to the ‘century of humiliation’
  • the largest continually existing state was brought low by imperialists
  • demonstrated imperial greatness and British superiority that dominated China economically
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3
Q

who was the founding father of Chinese nationalism and how?

A
  • Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)
  • after 1912, a radical nationalist movement led by him had arisen in response to Western imperialists
  • from the mid-1920s it was split into competing wings of the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Parties
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4
Q

when did the First Chinese Civil War occur?

A

1927-1945

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5
Q

Who was involved in the Chinese Civil War?

A

Fought between the Nationalists (GMD), led by Jiang Jieshi and the Communists (CCP), led by Mao Zedong

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6
Q

outline the First Chinese Civil War (August 1927)

A
  • Guomindang (led by Jiang Jieshi) almost defeat communists
  • Americans and Soviets wanted China to have a coalition government
  • both wanted Jiang Jieshi in power and Mao as junior partner
  • wanted good relations - agreed at Yalta that Soviets would join war against Japan in turn for Manchuria (FDR)
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7
Q

when did Japan invade Manchuria?

A

September 1931

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8
Q

When did the Chinese Civil War come to a pause?

A

In 1937, when Japan invaded China
- CCP and GMD formed an ‘alliance’ which lasted until Japan’s defeat in August 1945

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9
Q

what did the US send China when Japan attacked in 1937?

A
  • F.D.R sent armour, financial support and advisers
  • US pumped billions of dollars into China during WWII
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10
Q

How popular were the GMD?

A
  • Fairly unpopular
  • Corrupt leadership of its areas
  • Jiang Jieshi more obsessed with fighting Communists than Japanese
  • Pillaged villages due to low supplies
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11
Q

How popular were the CCP?

A
  • Very popular
  • Created bases of support, especially in northern countryside areas
  • Had ideas that appealed to peasants and treated them well
  • Patriotic, largely involved in defeating Japanese
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12
Q

How strong were the CCP by Japan’s defeat?

A
  • Army of nearly a million people
  • 900,000 militia men
  • Party membership over a million
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13
Q

When did the Chongqing negotiations occur?

A

August-October 1945

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14
Q

What happened during the Chongqing negotiations?

A
  • Mao and Jiang discussed forming a coalition gov. under pressure from US and USSR
  • Main disagreements over whether the CCP should keep its independent army
  • Mao was willing to reduce number of troops, but couldn’t accept all troops being put under the command of the gov.
  • Two sides failed to agree on a constitution for a democratic China
  • Fights continued
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15
Q

Outline the Second Chinese Civil War (March 1946 - December 1949)

A
  • Power vacuum created after Japan’s defeat
  • Mao won after years
  • October 1 1949: Mao proclaims People’s republic of China
  • Dec 1949: Jiang runs away and GMD establishes itself on the island of Taiwan
  • Mao Zedong (leader of CCP) was only person to fight Japanese effectively before
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16
Q

why was the PRC’s establishment in October 1949 a nightmare for Americans?

A
  • nightmare for Americans as it signified they had lost ‘their China’
  • suggested Truman’s gov must be riddled with communist sympathisers (McCarthyism)
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17
Q

what had the Soviets done for the first time in August 1949?

A

Detonated their first atomic bomb in Kazakhstan

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18
Q

what was Stalin’s role in China?

A
  • Stalin gave help to the CCP during the Chinese Civil War
  • CCP helped by Soviet handover of 700,000 - 900,000 rifles, 14,000 heavy & light machine guns, artillery etc.
  • the communists’ army, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), were a guerilla army -> Soviet advisers set up military schools in area on Siberian frontier to teach the Chinese the use of modern weapons and the tactics of large scale warfare
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19
Q

does Stalin politically support Mao and why?

A

No Stalin doesnt politically support Mao because he already has control of Manchuria and was becoming worried that Mao would become an Asian Tito

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20
Q

why did Stalin fear that Mao would become an Asian Tito?

A
  • Mao was both communist and nationalist and might prioritise his country’s interests over Stalinism
  • regarded Mao as a man that was hard to control
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21
Q

How had the Soviets obtained Manchuria?

A
  • At Yalta, Stalin agreed to FDR’s request to enter war against Japan by invading Manchuria
  • in return, Stalin demanded the USA be given Port Arthur in Manchuria and control of Outer Mongolia
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22
Q

what was one of Mao’s main goals that Stalin didn’t want to support?

A
  • Stalin didn’t support Mao because one of Mao’s main goals was to limit foreign interference in China
  • Stalin sensed the risks in the intensely nationalist Chinese Communist movement, fearing that if it gained power, it would surely have asserted its control over all Chinese territory
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23
Q

how did Stalin back US demands for Mao?

A

Stalin backed US demands for Mao to cease fighting and join a GMD-dominated coalition government

24
Q

why was Stalin displeased with Mao’s victory in the Civil War?

A

When Mao emerged as victorious in 1949, Stalin displeased as it meant he wouldn’t receive territories that how anted such as Manchuria and Outer Mongolia
- also feared Mao as a thorn to his side -> Asian Tito

25
Q

what did Stalin have to do to get Jiang to agree to taking Manchuria?

A

For China’s GMD, Jiang Jieshi, to agree, Stalin had to legally recognise the rule of his government
- he did, signing with Jiang the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance

26
Q

When was the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed?

A

14 February 1945
- Between GMD and USSR

27
Q

What agreements were made under the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance?

A
  • Jiang acknowledged independence of Outer Mongolia and Soviet military occupation of Port Arthur
  • Stalin recognised Jiang Jieshi as China’s leader
  • USSR would not aid CCP
28
Q

When did Mao seek good relations with America and how did they react?

A

Mao sought good relations with America in October 1949 however they viewed him as Stalin’s proxy, ultimately pushing Mao into Stalin’s arms

29
Q

When was the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Freidnship and Alliance made?

A

14 February 1950

30
Q

What agreements were made under the Sino-Soviet Pact?

A

Both agreed to
- Co-operate in terms of defence in case of attack by Japan or its ally (US)
- Conclude peace treaty with Japan which would not threaten interests of either state
- Not conclude hostile agreements aimed at other member of pact
- Consult closely on matters of mutual interest

31
Q

What additional agreements were made under the Sino-Soviet Pact?

A

USSR would receive valuable raw materials at low prices
- Stalin provided military support for PRC e.g establishment of air-defence installations in coastal areas near Taiwan

32
Q

when did the Sino-Soviet SPLIT begin and end?

A

The Sino-Soviet split began in February 1956 and was complete by October 1962

33
Q

what signified that the Sino-Soviet split was so serious and complete by March 1969?

A

By March 1969, they engage in shooting wars on the Sino-Soviet border
- March 1969: Chinese troops ambushed and killed Soviet border guards on Zhenbao Island
- soviets destroy Chinese force

34
Q

When was the China White Paper made?

A

30 July 1949
- Prior to end of Chinese Civil War

35
Q

What was the China White Paper?

A
  • Defined by Dean G. Acheson
  • Explained US withdrawing direct military support for Jiang Jieshi
  • Claims result of civil war was ‘beyond control of US gov.’ and due to ‘internal Chinese forces’
36
Q

Why was the China White Paper made?

A
  • Made so US doesn’t appear imperialist, like Mao’s claims
  • Acheson didn’t want to strengthen Sino-Soviet alliance
  • US would give GMD financial aid, instead of military aid
  • GMD would be able to buy weapons from US still
37
Q

what policy had the USA practiced in regard to China since 1899?

A

since 1899, the USA had practiced the Open Door Policy in regard to China

38
Q

how did the US view China?

A

China was viewed by US businesses as a valuable source of raw materials, foodstuffs and cheap labour, and a vital market for American-produced goods

39
Q

Did the Open Door Policy mean the US protected China?

A

Although the policy was rooted in the desire of US businesses to trade with Chinese markets, also pledged the USA to protect China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition - hence the USA’s support for China against Japan from 1937
- Truman inherited this outlook, pumping billions of dollars to Jiang who was effective but unrepresentative

40
Q

what did Truman want for China after WWII?

A
  • After WWII Truman wanted stability for China
  • attempted to get the GMD to give the CCP to a junior position in a coalition gov
41
Q

What were the US’ concerns after Japan’s defeat?

A
  • Concerned about Soviet influence spreading in south-east Asia
  • Thought civil war would give USSR chance to strengthen its position in China
42
Q

how did the outbreak of the Second Civil War frustrate Truman’s plan for a coalition gov?

A

The outbreak of the Second Civil War frustrated this plan
- Truman was now convinced that the Soviets were hell-bent on expansion and that Mao was a Soviet puppet
- decided to provide Jiang Jieshi with backing

43
Q

How did US policy change from 1947?

A
  • Truman rejected proposals of giving further military aid
  • 30 July 1949 - China White Paper outlines withdrawal of military aid
  • Limits assistance to financial aid, allowing Jiang to purchase weapons from US
44
Q

what was the ‘China lobby’ in the USA?

A

There existed a ‘China lobby’ in the USA
- a group of GMD supporters in Congress and the media who demanded Truman do as much as he could to ‘save’ China from Communists

45
Q

how did Truman respond to the ‘China lobby’?

A

Partly as a response to this, Truman gave $2.8 billion in aid to the GMD between 1945-50

46
Q

what reaction was there to Mao’s victory in the Civil War?

A
  • There was a very intense reaction to Mao’s victory
  • Many Americans held unrealistically high opinion of the GMD and were shocked when it lost
47
Q

what seemed to be at threat following the GMD’s loss in the civil war?

A

With such a large country under communist rule, the forces of freedom and capitalism seemed, to many Americans, to be under threat

48
Q

who attacked Truman for the GMD’s loss?

A
  • Truman came under fierce attack, especially from Republican Party for ‘losing’ ‘their’ China
  • the view began to be aired that some in his administration were actively aiding Stalin’s plan for expansionism
49
Q

Why did the context of 1949 cause Americans to believe some were supporting Stalin?

A
  • Marshall Plan failed to stop Stalin from obtaining Eastern Europe
  • Berlin Blockade was read as an act of aggression
  • Oct 1949: Mao comes to power in China who Americans believe to be Stalin’s proxy
50
Q

Who did Jiang Jieshi bring with him to Taiwan?

A
  • Jiang Jieshi left China with around 500,00 loyalist soldiers and two million civilian refugees, still unwilling to accept defeat
  • found the Republic of China in Taiwan
  • 1950s onwards: for the purpose of containment, Americans fund Jieshi
51
Q

How did the US offer support to Jiang Jieshi after the PRC’s victory?

A
  • Recognised GMD gov. in Taiwan from 1949-79
  • Ensured Jiang had Chinese seat in UN Security Council until 1971
  • Continued giving financial aid to Jiang for arms after fleeing to Taiwan
52
Q

how long did Jieshi remain president of the Republic of China?

A

Remained president until his death in April 1975, his rule exceeding a quarter of a century

53
Q

how did Jieshi crush Taiwanese economy and culture?

A
  • Jiang’s Taiwanese government was bankrolled by gold, silver and banknotes worth $200m
  • much of it snatched from banks and gov coffers as the GMD prepared to flee China
  • creating a military dictatorship
54
Q

what did Jiang claim about Taiwan?

A

Jiang maintained his claim as the rightful ruler of China
- He declared the ROC to be China’s legitimate gov in exile, further widening the political split between the mainland and Taiwan
- also able to use Korean War in June 1950 to obtain US protection for his state

55
Q

How was the GMD regime in Taiwan repressive?

A

deeply repressive - between 1950 and 1987 the country was under martial law

56
Q

what figures are there about the effects of martial law on Taiwan?

A
  • around 140,000 Taiwanese people were imprisoned during this period
  • 3000-4000 executed
  • special attention paid to Taiwan’s intellectual and social elite out of fear that they might resist the GMD’s rule or sympathise with communism (secured Taiwan as compensation after loss by Mao)
57
Q

Summarise the support the US offered the GMD between 1945-79

A
  • Recognised GMD gov. from 1945
  • September 1945 - transported GMD troops to Manchuria
  • Supported Chongqing negotiations and creation of coalition gov.
  • 1946 - Marshall mission
  • Gave GMD financial assistance
  • 1949-79 - recognised GMD gov. in Taiwan

A level history: Cold War (26 decks)

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