us black history Flashcards
1
Q
civil rights eras (1890-1990)
A
- era 1 (1890-1940): from equality>inequality; discriminatory laws on/off state-specific; migration south>north; WWI; social/political welfare
- era 2 (1940-1970): post WWI>WWII inequality by overpopulation; rise of collective activism; legislation-oriented; city/country demographic differences; political/economic welfare
- era 3 (1970-1990): crack epidemic/continued foundational prejudice; media/pop culture/established rights (80s); reagan’s yes/no-ing; est pop culture targeted (80s>90s)
2
Q
era 1 (1890-1940)
A
- jim crow laws (1877): legalised black discrimination
- black codes: racim legal (grounds of unemployment, loitering, interracial relations)
- civil rights act (1875) ‘unconstitutional’
- racial darwinism: white supremacy; south carolina politician (black american was ‘a fiend, a wild beast, seeking whom he may devour’)
- plessy v ferguson ‘separate but equal’ (1896): racial segregation constitutional if equal (loopholed)
- great migration (1890): 6mil+ AAs; post civil war reconstruction ended 1870/southern WS restored=mass migration; industrial workers needed in cities=urban culture/mass poor living conditions
- NAACP (1909): earliest/most infl civil rights org; ‘crisis’ mag, attacked segr/racial discr politically/socially; 1920 (90,000 members)
- WWI (1917): AA 10% US pop; opportunity to be respected>suffered military discr; 4 AA regiments/vs french positive; 1919 red summer (due to inequality for black war veterans/general)
- wall st crash (1929): 5% owned 33% wealth; ‘last hired first fired’; mass suffering; roosevelt’s new deal provided semi-trickledown for AAs (1936 70% AA voted for him)
- new deal (1930s): progress, but not radical change; AAs employed in gov/’black brain trust’
- booker t washington: 1850, virginia slave, tuskegee institute/school; social/political reformer; antilabour, antidemocratic, boss politics
- du bois: 1860, harvard, works (souls of black folk), NAACP founder; clashed w BTW, marcus garvey; ‘black consiousness’
3
Q
era 2 (1940-1970)
A
- WWII (1941): discrimination, segr official fed gov policy; ‘hitlerism without and hitlerism within’; 1944 integrated combat units; ‘March on Washington’ 1941 against army discr
- the CORE (1942): pacifist, non-violent>black nationalism + separatism; in north, white and m-class members; sit-in movements initial attention
- brown v board of education of topeka (1950): oliver brown sued federal court over topeka school segr; = eventual deseg>integ
- montg bus boycott/rosa parks (1955): alabama, give up for white rider, didn’t, jailed, year-long riots
- civil rights act (1957): first civil rights legislation since reconstruction era
- sit-ins (1960): 50,000 students sit-ins/peaceful protest against racial discr
- freedom rides (1961): interracial rides across america>grew>KKK intervened, violence/riots against protesters
- birmingham campaign (1963): SCLC-driven non-violent protest against segregation in alabama; KKK/racism violent responses (bombings)
- march on washington (1963): for workplace/jobs; successfully pressured Kennedy for civil rights bill in Congress; MKJ’s ‘I have a Dream’ speech; black consciousness successfully implemented
- voting act (1965): signed into law by P. Johnson, improved voting/political rights for AAs
- selma montg march (1965): march for political/voting rights; public outcry from assassination spread this message
- black nationalism (1960s): non-violent/peaceful groups conflicted with militant/boss politics groups; ‘picking up the gun’
- march against fear (1966): first AA enrolled at UofM, solitary walk protest but shot; outrage grew, developed into ‘we want black power’
- black panthers (1966): founded by seale and newton; newspaper spread ideology; 10-point platform for rights; ‘survival programs’; aims for preventing police brutality
- nixon affirmative action (1967): compensation for past racism via aiding policies
- martin luther king jr: 1929, key social activist, peaceful political/social protest, highly educated, SCLC president, assassinated 1968
- malcom x: 1925, activist, challenged non-violent methods, ‘defend by any means necessary’; extreme conflict with whites; influential
4
Q
era 3 (1970-1990)
A
- busing (1971): problematic; didn’t aid school integration; actively incited violence from white students
- ‘soul train’/disco (1970), ‘roots’ novel (1976), michael jackson (1982), Cosby show (1984): representation of black americans/’popular’ culture
- crack epidemic (1984): major US cities; homicide rate for black males doubled; 20%-100% incr foetal death rates in black communities
- HIV/AIDS epidemic and black discrimination (1980s): illustrated lack of representation for varying minorities/specifically black gay men (healthcare, economy, representation)
- civil rights act (1991): reiterated 1964 act, with more significant progress
- rodney king affair and LA riots (1992): police brutality triggered outcry; reiterated pas issues
5
Q
civil rights era 1
1890-1940
A
- from equality>inequality; discriminatory laws on/off state-specific
- migration south>north; WWI; social/political welfare
6
Q
civil rights era 2
1940-1970
A
- post WWI>WWII inequality by overpopulation; rise of collective activism; legislation-oriented
- city/country demographic differences; political/economic welfare
7
Q
civil rights era 3
(1970-1990)
A
- crack epidemic>continued foundational prejudice; media/pop culture>established rights (80s)
- reagan’s yes/no-ing; est pop culture targeted (80s>90s)
8
Q
era 1 (1890-1940)
- jim crow laws
- black codes
- civil rights act
- racial darwinism
A
- jim crow laws (1877): legalised black discrimination
- black codes: racim legal (grounds of unemployment, loitering, interracial relations)
- civil rights act (1875) ‘unconstitutional’
- racial darwinism: white supremacy; south carolina politician (a black american was ‘a wild beast’)
9
Q
era 1 (1890-1940)
- plessy v ferguson
- great migration
- NAACP
- WWI
A
- plessy v ferguson ‘separate but equal’ (1896): racial segregation constitutional if equal (loopholed)
- great migration (1890): 6mil+ AAs; post civil war reconstruction ended 1870/southern WS restored=mass migration; industrial workers needed in cities=urban culture/mass poor living conditions
- NAACP (1909): earliest/most infl civil rights org; ‘crisis’ mag, attacked segr/racial discr politically/socially; 1920 (90,000 members)
- WWI (1917): AA 10% US pop; opportunity to be respected>suffered military discr; 4 AA regiments/vs french positive; 1919 red summer (due to inequality for black war veterans/general)
10
Q
era 1 (1890-1940)
- wall st crash
- new deal
- booker t washington
- du bois
A
- wall st crash (1929): 5% owned 33% wealth; ‘last hired first fired’; mass suffering; roosevelt’s new deal provided semi-trickledown for AAs (1936 70% AA voted for him)
- new deal (1930s): progress, but not radical change; AAs employed in gov/’black brain trust’
- booker t washington (1850): virginia slave, tuskegee institute/school; social/political reformer; antilabour, antidemocratic, boss politics
- du bois (1860), harvard, works (souls of black folk), NAACP founder; clashed w BTW, marcus garvey; ‘black consiousness’
11
Q
era 2 (1940-1970)
- WWII
- the CORE
- brown v board (topeka)
- montg bus boycott
- civil rights act
- sit-ins
A
- WWII (1941): discrimination, segr official fed gov policy; ‘hitlerism without and hitlerism within’; 1944 integrated combat units; ‘March on Washington’ 1941 against army discr
- the CORE (1942): pacifist, non-violent>black nationalism + separatism; in north, white and m-class members; sit-in movements initial attention
- brown v board of education of topeka (1950): oliver brown sued federal court over topeka school segr; = eventual deseg>integ
- montg bus boycott/rosa parks (1955): alabama, give up for white rider, didn’t, jailed, year-long riots
- civil rights act (1957): first civil rights legislation since reconstruction era
- sit-ins (1960): 50,000 students sit-ins/peaceful protest against racial discr
12
Q
era 2 (1940-1970)
- freedom rides
- birmingham campaign
- march on washington
- voting act
- selma montg march
A
- freedom rides (1961): interracial rides across america>grew>KKK intervened, violence/riots against protesters
- birmingham campaign (1963): SCLC-driven non-violent protest against segregation in alabama; KKK/racism violent responses (bombings)
- march on washington (1963): for workplace/jobs; successfully pressured Kennedy for civil rights bill in Congress; MKJ’s ‘I have a Dream’ speech; black consciousness successfully implemented
- voting act (1965): signed into law by P. Johnson, improved voting/political rights for AAs
- selma montg march (1965): march for political/voting rights; public outcry from assassination spread this message
13
Q
era 2 (1940-1970)
- black nationalism
- march against fear
- black panthers
- nixon affirmative action
- martin luther king jr
- malcom x
A
- black nationalism (1960s): non-violent/peaceful groups conflicted with militant/boss politics groups; ‘picking up the gun’
- march against fear (1966): first AA enrolled at UofM, solitary walk protest but shot; outrage grew, developed into ‘we want black power’
- black panthers (1966): founded by seale and newton; newspaper spread ideology; 10-point platform for rights; ‘survival programs’; aims for preventing police brutality
- nixon affirmative action (1967): compensation for past racism via aiding policies
- martin luther king jr: 1929, key social activist, peaceful political/social protest, highly educated, SCLC president, assassinated 1968
- malcom x: 1925, activist, challenged non-violent methods, ‘defend by any means necessary’; extreme conflict with whites; influential
14
Q
era 3 (1970-1990)
- busing
- media
- crack epidemic
A
- busing (1971): problematic; didn’t aid school integration; actively incited violence from white students
- ‘soul train’/disco (1970), ‘roots’ novel (1976), michael jackson (1982), Cosby show (1984): representation of black americans/’popular’ culture
- crack epidemic (1984): major US cities; homicide rate for black males doubled; 20%-100% incr foetal death rates in black communities
15
Q
era 3 (1970-1990)
- HIV/AIDS epidemic
- civil rights act
- rodney king affair, LA riots
A
- HIV/AIDS epidemic and black discrimination (1980s): illustrated lack of representation for varying minorities/specifically black gay men (healthcare, economy, representation)
- civil rights act (1991): reiterated 1964 act, with more significant progress
- rodney king affair and LA riots (1992): police brutality triggered outcry; reiterated pas issues
