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Surgery EOR > Urology Surgery > Flashcards

Urology Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

How to diagnose an acid base disorder?

A

ABG

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2
Q

Etiology of respiratory acidosis

A

Depression of respiratory center
Lung disease

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3
Q

S/S of respiratory acidosis

A

Neuro symptoms
Vasodilation

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4
Q

Patients with respiratory acidosis rely on ___ to maintain oxygen

A

Hypoxic drive

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5
Q

Etiology of respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased ventilation

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6
Q

Etiology of metabolic acidosis

A

Increased ingestion of acids
Inability to renally excrete acid
Excess loss of bicarb

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7
Q

Calculate anion gap

A

Na - (Cl + HCO3)

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8
Q

Etiology of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of bicarb

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9
Q

Etiology of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Ingestion of exogenous acid
Elevation of endogenous acid

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10
Q

Etiology of metabolic alkalosis

A

Excess bicarb
Excess loss of acid
Volume depletion

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11
Q

How to use ABG for acid-base disorders?

A
  1. Look at pH
  2. Look at CO2
  3. Look at bicarb
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12
Q

MC risk factors for bladder cancer

A

Smoking

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13
Q

MC type of bladder cancer

A

Urothelial cell carcinoma

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14
Q

S/S of bladder cancer

A

Hematuria
Painless

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15
Q

Diagnosis of bladder cancer

A

Cystoscopy with biopsy

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16
Q

Stages of bladder cancer

A

CIS: only in bladder lining
Ta: large but still in bladder lining
T1: into connective tissue layer
T2: into muscle layer
T3: into fat layer
T4: full thickness

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17
Q

Treatment of bladder cancer

A

Superficial (CIS, Ta, T1): transurethral resection
Invasive (T2+): radical cystectomy with urinary diversion

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18
Q

Preferred method of access for hemodialysis

A

AV fistula

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19
Q

Etiology of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Decreased fluid intake
Excess fluid loss
Third spacing of fluid

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20
Q

S/S of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Dehydration

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21
Q

Management of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Replace fluids with NS

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22
Q

Etiology of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Decreased elimination of fluids (CHF, liver failure)
Increased intake of fluids

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23
Q

S/S of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Edema
Increased urine output

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24
Q

Treatment of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Correction of underlying cause
Diuretics
Restrict fluid and Na intake

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25
Q

Correction of Na when hyperglycemia is present

A

Corrected Na = measured Na + (0.2 x glucose - 100)

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26
Q

S/S of hyponatremia

A

Neuro symptoms

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27
Q

Treatment of hyponatremia

A

Fluid restriction
Hypertonic saline
Diuresis

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28
Q

S/S of hypernatremia

A

Neuro symptoms

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29
Q

Treatment of hypernatremia

A

Fluid replacement

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30
Q

S/S of hypokalemia

A

Cardiac symptoms
Muscle cramps
Fatigue
GI symptoms
U wave on EKG

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31
Q

What other electrolyte is correlated to K?

32
Q

Management of hypokalemia

A

K replacement

33
Q

S/S of hyperkalemia

A

Cardiac symptoms
Peaked T waves
Muscle cramps

34
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

IV calcium gluconate
IV insulin + glucose
Treat underlying condition

35
Q

Etiologies of hypocalcemia

A

Hypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency
CKD

36
Q

S/S of hypocalcemia

A

Chvostek
Trousseau
Long QT on EKG
Bone pain and fractures

37
Q

Treatment of hypocalcemia

A

IV calcium gluconate
Treat underlying condition

38
Q

Etiologies of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Thiazides

39
Q

S/S of hypercalcemia

A

Bones, stones, groans, and psychiatric overtones
Shortened QT on EKG

40
Q

Treatment of hypercalcemia

A

Rehydration
Loop diuretics

41
Q

Etiologies of hypomagnesemia

A

Malnutrition or alcoholism

42
Q

S/S of hypomagnesemia

A

Hyperactive reflexes
Nystagmus
Involuntary movements

43
Q

Management of hypomagnesemia

A

IV magnesium

44
Q

Etiology of hypomagnesemia

A

Kidney disease

45
Q

S/S of hypermagnesemia

A

Decreased reflexes

46
Q

Management of hypermagnesemia

A

Management of underlying condition

47
Q

MC type of kidney stone

A

Calcium oxalate

48
Q

S/S of kidney stones

A

Flank pain
Hematuria
Urgency and frequency
N/V

49
Q

Diagnosis of kidney stone

50
Q

Treatment of kidney stone

A

Pain control
Flomax
Hydration

51
Q

Definition of orthostatic hypotension

A

Drop of systolic by 20 or diastolic by 10

52
Q

Causes of orthostatic hypotension

A

Dehydration
Adrenal issues
Autonomic failure

53
Q

S/S of orthostatic hypotension

A

Dizziness/lightheadedness upon standing from a seated position

54
Q

Diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension

A

Tilt table test

55
Q

Treatment of orthostatic hypotension

A

Fluids
Lifestyle modifications
Fludrocortisone/midodrine

56
Q

S/S of renal cell carcinoma

A

Flank pain
Hematuria
Abdominal mass

57
Q

MC site of metastasis of renal cell carcinoma

A

Lungs and bone

58
Q

Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma

59
Q

Treatment of renal cell carcinoma

A

Radical nephrectomy

60
Q

MC population for Wilms tumor

A

Pediatrics

61
Q

S/S of Wilms tumor

A

Abdominal mass
Often unilateral

62
Q

Diagnosis of Wilms tumor

63
Q

Treatment of Wilms tumor

A

Surgical resection followed by chemo

64
Q

Etiology of renal artery stenosis

A

Atherosclerosis

65
Q

S/S of renal artery stenosis

66
Q

Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis

A

US (small kidney)
Renal angiography is gold standard

67
Q

Treatment of renal artery stenosis

A

HTN meds
Stenting

68
Q

Risk factors for testicular tumors

A

Cryptorchidism

69
Q

S/S of testicular cancer

A

Painless enlargement of testis
Pain
Metastatic symptoms

70
Q

MC site of metastasis of testicular cancer

A

Retroperitoneal abdominal lymph nodes

71
Q

Diagnosis of testicular cancer

A

Scrotal US
Radical inguinal orchiectomy is definitive

72
Q

T/F - transscrotal biopsy is indicated in testicular cancer

A

False - it is very prone to seeding

73
Q

Treatment of testicular cancer

A

Radical orchiectomy

74
Q

Etiology of urethral stricture

A

Surgery or catheter

75
Q

S/S of urethral stricture

A

Urinary retention
Obstructive voiding

76
Q

Treatment of urethral stricture

A

Dilation
Urethroplasty

Surgery EOR (12 decks)

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