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Surgery EOR > Urology Surgery > Flashcards

Urology Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

How to diagnose an acid base disorder?

A

ABG

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2
Q

Etiology of respiratory acidosis

A

Depression of respiratory center
Lung disease

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3
Q

S/S of respiratory acidosis

A

Neuro symptoms
Vasodilation

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4
Q

Patients with respiratory acidosis rely on ___ to maintain oxygen

A

Hypoxic drive

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5
Q

Etiology of respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased ventilation

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6
Q

Etiology of metabolic acidosis

A

Increased ingestion of acids
Inability to renally excrete acid
Excess loss of bicarb

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7
Q

Calculate anion gap

A

Na - (Cl + HCO3)

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8
Q

Etiology of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of bicarb

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9
Q

Etiology of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Ingestion of exogenous acid
Elevation of endogenous acid

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10
Q

Etiology of metabolic alkalosis

A

Excess bicarb
Excess loss of acid
Volume depletion

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11
Q

How to use ABG for acid-base disorders?

A
  1. Look at pH
  2. Look at CO2
  3. Look at bicarb
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12
Q

MC risk factors for bladder cancer

A

Smoking

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13
Q

MC type of bladder cancer

A

Urothelial cell carcinoma

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14
Q

S/S of bladder cancer

A

Hematuria
Painless

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15
Q

Diagnosis of bladder cancer

A

Cystoscopy with biopsy

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16
Q

Stages of bladder cancer

A

CIS: only in bladder lining
Ta: large but still in bladder lining
T1: into connective tissue layer
T2: into muscle layer
T3: into fat layer
T4: full thickness

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17
Q

Treatment of bladder cancer

A

Superficial (CIS, Ta, T1): transurethral resection
Invasive (T2+): radical cystectomy with urinary diversion

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18
Q

Preferred method of access for hemodialysis

A

AV fistula

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19
Q

Etiology of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Decreased fluid intake
Excess fluid loss
Third spacing of fluid

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20
Q

S/S of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Dehydration

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21
Q

Management of isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

Replace fluids with NS

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22
Q

Etiology of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Decreased elimination of fluids (CHF, liver failure)
Increased intake of fluids

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23
Q

S/S of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Edema
Increased urine output

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24
Q

Treatment of isotonic fluid volume excess

A

Correction of underlying cause
Diuretics
Restrict fluid and Na intake

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25
Correction of Na when hyperglycemia is present
Corrected Na = measured Na + (0.2 x glucose - 100)
26
S/S of hyponatremia
Neuro symptoms
27
Treatment of hyponatremia
Fluid restriction Hypertonic saline Diuresis
28
S/S of hypernatremia
Neuro symptoms
29
Treatment of hypernatremia
Fluid replacement
30
S/S of hypokalemia
Cardiac symptoms Muscle cramps Fatigue GI symptoms U wave on EKG
31
What other electrolyte is correlated to K?
Magnesium
32
Management of hypokalemia
K replacement
33
S/S of hyperkalemia
Cardiac symptoms Peaked T waves Muscle cramps
34
Treatment of hyperkalemia
IV calcium gluconate IV insulin + glucose Treat underlying condition
35
Etiologies of hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency CKD
36
S/S of hypocalcemia
Chvostek Trousseau Long QT on EKG Bone pain and fractures
37
Treatment of hypocalcemia
IV calcium gluconate Treat underlying condition
38
Etiologies of hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism Cancer Thiazides
39
S/S of hypercalcemia
Bones, stones, groans, and psychiatric overtones Shortened QT on EKG
40
Treatment of hypercalcemia
Rehydration Loop diuretics
41
Etiologies of hypomagnesemia
Malnutrition or alcoholism
42
S/S of hypomagnesemia
Hyperactive reflexes Nystagmus Involuntary movements
43
Management of hypomagnesemia
IV magnesium
44
Etiology of hypomagnesemia
Kidney disease
45
S/S of hypermagnesemia
Decreased reflexes
46
Management of hypermagnesemia
Management of underlying condition
47
MC type of kidney stone
Calcium oxalate
48
S/S of kidney stones
Flank pain Hematuria Urgency and frequency N/V
49
Diagnosis of kidney stone
X-ray CT
50
Treatment of kidney stone
Pain control Flomax Hydration
51
Definition of orthostatic hypotension
Drop of systolic by 20 or diastolic by 10
52
Causes of orthostatic hypotension
Dehydration Adrenal issues Autonomic failure
53
S/S of orthostatic hypotension
Dizziness/lightheadedness upon standing from a seated position
54
Diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension
Tilt table test
55
Treatment of orthostatic hypotension
Fluids Lifestyle modifications Fludrocortisone/midodrine
56
S/S of renal cell carcinoma
Flank pain Hematuria Abdominal mass
57
MC site of metastasis of renal cell carcinoma
Lungs and bone
58
Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma
CT
59
Treatment of renal cell carcinoma
Radical nephrectomy
60
MC population for Wilms tumor
Pediatrics
61
S/S of Wilms tumor
Abdominal mass Often unilateral
62
Diagnosis of Wilms tumor
US
63
Treatment of Wilms tumor
Surgical resection followed by chemo
64
Etiology of renal artery stenosis
Atherosclerosis
65
S/S of renal artery stenosis
HTN
66
Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis
US (small kidney) Renal angiography is gold standard
67
Treatment of renal artery stenosis
HTN meds Stenting
68
Risk factors for testicular tumors
Cryptorchidism
69
S/S of testicular cancer
Painless enlargement of testis Pain Metastatic symptoms
70
MC site of metastasis of testicular cancer
Retroperitoneal abdominal lymph nodes
71
Diagnosis of testicular cancer
Scrotal US Radical inguinal orchiectomy is definitive
72
T/F - transscrotal biopsy is indicated in testicular cancer
False - it is very prone to seeding
73
Treatment of testicular cancer
Radical orchiectomy
74
Etiology of urethral stricture
Surgery or catheter
75
S/S of urethral stricture
Urinary retention Obstructive voiding
76
Treatment of urethral stricture
Dilation Urethroplasty

Surgery EOR (12 decks)

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