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Year 3 Surgery > Urology Conditions > Flashcards

Urology Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dysuria?

A

Pain that arises from irritation of the urethra that is felt during micturition

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2
Q

What is Frequency?

A

Increased passage of urine during daytime

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3
Q

What is Nocturia?

A

Increased passage of urine at night

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4
Q

What is Urgency?

A

An uncontrollable desire to micturate that might be associated with incontinence

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5
Q

What is Acute Pyelonephritis?

A

An upper urinary tract infection

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6
Q

What are some predisposing factors of Acute Pyelonephritis?

A 
Outflow Tract Obstruction (Stone)
Vesicoureteric reflux
Renal/Bladder Calculi
Diabetes Mellitus
Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
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7
Q

What are some clinical features of Acute Pyelonephritis?

A 
Pyrexia
Rigors
Flank Pain
Dysuria
Malaise
Anorexia
Dipstick +ve MSU
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8
Q

What is Acute Cystitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the urinary bladder

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9
Q

What is the main cause of Acute Cystitis?

A

Lower Tract infection due to coliform bacteria, more common in females

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10
Q

What are some clinical features of Acute Cystitis?

A 
Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency
Suprapubic Pain
Lower back Pain
Incontinence
Microscopic Haematuria
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11
Q

What is Urethritis?

A

Inflammation of the Urethra

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12
Q

What is the cause of Urethritis?

A

STIs

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13
Q

What are some clinical features of urethritis?

A

Dysuria
Meatal Pruritis
3-10 days after contact
Discharge

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14
Q

What is Acute Urinary Retention?

A

A new onset inability to pass urine which leads to pain and discomfort, with significant residual volumes

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15
Q

What are some causes of Acute Urinary Retention?

A 
BPH
UTI
Constipation
Severe Pain
Anti-Muscarinics
Spinal Anaesthesia
Neurological
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16
Q

What are the clinical features of Acute Urinary Retention?

A

Suprapubic Pain
Inability to Micturate
Palpable Distended Bladder

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17
Q

What investigations should be ordered for Acute Urinary Retention?

A

Post-void bladder scan
FBC, CRP, U+E, MSU/CSU
USS - ?Hydronephrosis

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18
Q

What are the management options for acute urinary retention?

A

Immediate Catheterisation, then TWOC after 24/48h

Treatment of underlying cause

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19
Q

What is a possible complication of acute urinary retention?

A

Excess diuresis post-catheterisation giving AKI

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20
Q

What is Chronic Urinary Retention?

A

The painless inability of the patient to pass urine

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21
Q

What are some causes of Chronic Urinary Retention?

A 
BPH - (Men)
Urethral Strictures
Prostate Ca
Pelvic Prolapse/Masses - (Women)
Neurological - MS/Parkinsons
22
Q

What are some clinical features of Chronic Urinary Retention?

A 
Painless urinary retention
Weak stream
Hesitancy
Reduced Functional Capacity
Overflow incontinence
Palpable distended bladder
23
Q

What are some appropriate investigations for Chronic Urinary Retention?

A

Post-void bladder scan
FBC, CRP, U+E
USS - ?Hydronephrosis

24
Q

What are the management options for Chronic Urinary Retention?

A

Long Term Catheter
Intermittent Self-Catheterisation
Suprapubic Catheter
Correction of underlying cause

25
Q

What are possible complications with Chronic Urinary Retention?

A

Recurrent UTIs
Bladder Calculi
CKD

26
Q

What is Urinary Incontinence?

A

The involuntary leakage of urine

27
Q

What are the subtypes of Urinary Incontinence?

A 
Stress
Urge
Mixed
Overflow
Continuous
28
Q

What is Stresss incontinence?

A

Leakage of urine when intra-abdominal pressure exceeds the urethral pressure

29
Q

What are some causes of stress incontinence?

A

Post-partum
Constipation
Obesity
Pelvic Floor surgery

30
Q

What is urge incontinence?

A

Overactive bladder leads to bladder contraction giving a rise in intravesical pressure and urine leakage

31
Q

What are some causes of urge incontinence?

A

Neurogenic
Infection
Malignancy
Idiopathic

32
Q

What is Mixed incontinence?

A

A mixture of Stress and Urge incontinence

33
Q

What is Overflow incontinence?

A

A complication of chronic retention, leading to a reduced bladder sensation

34
Q

Which conditions commonly give overflow incontinence?

A

BPH

Spinal cord injury

35
Q

What is Continuous incontinence?

A

There is a continuous leakage of urine, usually due to a congenital malformation

36
Q

What investigations should be performed for incontinence?

A

Post-void USS
Urodynamic assessment
Cystoscopy

37
Q

What are some conservative management options of incontinence?

A

Pelvic Floor muscle training
Bladder training
Anti-muscarinics

38
Q

What are some surgical options for incontinence?

A

Botox injections
Vaginal tape
Sacral nerve stimulators

39
Q

What are Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)

A

A term used to describe an array of symptoms affecting the control and quality of micturition

40
Q

What are some causes of LUTS in males?

A 
BPH
UTI
Malignancy
Detrusor Weakness
Chronic Prostatitis
Urethral stricture
External compression
Neurological disease
41
Q

What are some causes of LUTS in females?

A 
UTI
Menopause
Malignancy
Detrusor weakness
Urethral stricture 
External compression
Neurological disease
42
Q

How can LUTS be sub-divided?

A

Storage symptoms

Voiding symptoms

43
Q

What are some storage symptoms?

A

Urgency
Frequency
Nocturia
Urinary incontinence

44
Q

What are some voiding symptoms?

A 
Hesitancy 
Intermittency
Straining
Terminal dribbling
Incomplete emptying
45
Q

What are some conservative management options for LUTS?

A

Regulate fluid intake
Urethral milking/double voiding
Pelvic floor exercises
Bladder training techniques

46
Q

What are potential complications with LUTS?

A

Infection
Renal/Bladder Calculi
Renal failure
Bilateral Hydronephroses

47
Q

What are the potential subtypes of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma

48
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bladder wall, going inner - outer?

A

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Propria
Fatty Connective Tissue

49
Q

What are some risk factors for bladder cancer?

A 
Smoking
Age
Exposure to aeromatic hydrocarbons
Schistosomiasis
Previous radiation to Pelvis
50
Q

What are some clinical features of bladder cancer?

A 
Painless haematuria
Recurrent UTIs
Frequency
Urgency
Feeling of incomplete voiding
51
Q

What are some treatment options for bladder cancer?

A

TURBT
Adjuvant intravesical therapy
Radical Cystectomy

Year 3 Surgery (10 decks)

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