Urology and Nephrology Flashcards
urinary system
the group of organs that produce urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance for the body
urine
the fluid made by the kidney and eliminated from the body
urea
waste derived from ammonia produced through protein metabolism
genitourinary system
the male organ system that includes reproductive and urinary structures
nephrology
the medical specialty dealing with the kidneys
urology
the surgical specialty dealing with the urinary/genitourinary system
renal
pertaining to the kidneys
end-stage renal failure
an extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss
dialysis
a procedure that replaces some lost kidney function due to nephron loss
kidney transplantation
implantation of a kidney into a person without functioning kidneys
renal calculi
kidney stones
benign prostatic hypertrophy
a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging
preventive strategy
a management plan to minimize further damage to vital tissues
mechanisms of nontraumatic urological disorders
inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
infectious disease
physical obstruction
hemorrhage
visceral pain
pain arising in hollow organs, such as the ureter and bladder
referred pain
pain felt in a location other than that of its origin
analgesics
pain relieving medications
patients most at risk for significant kidney problems
older patients
patients with diabetes
patients with chronic hypertension
patients with more than one risk factor
most common renal emergencies
acute renal failure
chronic renal failure
renal calculi
acute renal failure (ARF)
the sudden-onset of severely decreased urine production
oliguria
decreased urine elimination to 400-500 mL or less per day
anuria
no elimination of urine
causes of ARF
prerenal
renal
postrenal
prerenal acute renal failure
due to decreased blood perfusion of kidneys
renal ARF (renal acute renal failure)
ARF due to pathology within the kidney tissue itself
microangiopathy
a disease affecting the smallest blood vessels
acute tubular necrosis
a particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of tubular cells
interstitial nephritis
an inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons
postrenal acute renal failure
ARF due to obstruction distal to the kidney
chronic renal failure
permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss
reduced nephron mass
the decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes chronic renal failure
reduced renal mass
the decrease in kidney size associated with chronic renal failure
isosthernuria
the ability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood
glucose intolerance
the body cells’ inability to take up glucose from the bloodstream
uremia
the syndrome of signs and symptoms associated with chronic renal failure
renal dialysis
artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions
types of dialysis
hemodialysis
peritoneal dialysis
dialysate
the solution in dialysis that is hypo-osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood
hemodialysis
a dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane
peritoneal dialysis
a dialysis procedure relying on the peritoneal membrane as the semi-permeable membrane
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract
urinary stasis
a condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination
urethritis
an infection and inflammation of the urethra
cystitis
an infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder
prostatitis
infection and inflammation of the prostate gland
pyelonephritis
an infection and inflammation of the kidney
intrarenal abscess
a pocket of infection within kidney tissue
perinephric abscess
a pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney
community-acquired infection
an infection occuring in a nonhospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of such instruments as catheters
nosocomial infection
an infection acquired in a medical setting
