Urology and Nephrology

Question 1

urinary system

Answer 1

the group of organs that produce urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance for the body

Question 2

urine

Answer 2

the fluid made by the kidney and eliminated from the body

Question 3

urea

Answer 3

waste derived from ammonia produced through protein metabolism

Question 4

genitourinary system

Answer 4

the male organ system that includes reproductive and urinary structures

Question 5

nephrology

Answer 5

the medical specialty dealing with the kidneys

Question 6

urology

Answer 6

the surgical specialty dealing with the urinary/genitourinary system

Question 7

renal

Answer 7

pertaining to the kidneys

Question 8

end-stage renal failure

Answer 8

an extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss

Question 9

dialysis

Answer 9

a procedure that replaces some lost kidney function due to nephron loss

Question 10

kidney transplantation

Answer 10

implantation of a kidney into a person without functioning kidneys

Question 11

renal calculi

Answer 11

kidney stones

Question 12

benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 12

a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging

Question 13

preventive strategy

Answer 13

a management plan to minimize further damage to vital tissues

Question 14

mechanisms of nontraumatic urological disorders

Answer 14

inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
infectious disease
physical obstruction
hemorrhage

Question 15

visceral pain

Answer 15

pain arising in hollow organs, such as the ureter and bladder

Question 16

referred pain

Answer 16

pain felt in a location other than that of its origin

Question 17

analgesics

Answer 17

pain relieving medications

Question 18

patients most at risk for significant kidney problems

Answer 18

older patients
patients with diabetes
patients with chronic hypertension
patients with more than one risk factor

Question 19

most common renal emergencies

Answer 19

acute renal failure
chronic renal failure
renal calculi

Question 20

acute renal failure (ARF)

Answer 20

the sudden-onset of severely decreased urine production

Question 21

oliguria

Answer 21

decreased urine elimination to 400-500 mL or less per day

Question 22

anuria

Answer 22

no elimination of urine

Question 23

causes of ARF

Answer 23

prerenal
renal
postrenal

Question 24

prerenal acute renal failure

Answer 24

due to decreased blood perfusion of kidneys

Question 25

renal ARF (renal acute renal failure)

Answer 25

ARF due to pathology within the kidney tissue itself

Question 26

microangiopathy

Answer 26

a disease affecting the smallest blood vessels

Question 27

acute tubular necrosis

Answer 27

a particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of tubular cells

Question 28

interstitial nephritis

Answer 28

an inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons

Question 29

postrenal acute renal failure

Answer 29

ARF due to obstruction distal to the kidney

Question 30

chronic renal failure

Answer 30

permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss

Question 31

reduced nephron mass

Answer 31

the decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes chronic renal failure

Question 32

reduced renal mass

Answer 32

the decrease in kidney size associated with chronic renal failure

Question 33

isosthernuria

Answer 33

the ability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood

Question 34

glucose intolerance

Answer 34

the body cells' inability to take up glucose from the bloodstream

Question 35

uremia

Answer 35

the syndrome of signs and symptoms associated with chronic renal failure

Question 36

renal dialysis

Answer 36

artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions

Question 37

types of dialysis

Answer 37

hemodialysis | peritoneal dialysis

Question 38

dialysate

Answer 38

the solution in dialysis that is hypo-osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood

Question 39

hemodialysis

Answer 39

a dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane

Question 40

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 40

a dialysis procedure relying on the peritoneal membrane as the semi-permeable membrane

Question 41

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 41

an infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract

Question 42

urinary stasis

Answer 42

a condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination

Question 43

urethritis

Answer 43

an infection and inflammation of the urethra

Question 44

cystitis

Answer 44

an infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder

Question 45

prostatitis

Answer 45

infection and inflammation of the prostate gland

Question 46

pyelonephritis

Answer 46

an infection and inflammation of the kidney

Question 47

intrarenal abscess

Answer 47

a pocket of infection within kidney tissue

Question 48

perinephric abscess

Answer 48

a pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney

Question 49

community-acquired infection

Answer 49

an infection occuring in a nonhospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of such instruments as catheters

Question 50

nosocomial infection

Answer 50

an infection acquired in a medical setting