Urology Flashcards
Inguinal hernia?
Groin swelling, can be intermittent
->more common with prematurity as inguinal canal hasn’t fully closed
Are inguinal hernia more common in girls or boys?
Boys 9:1
Management of inguinal hernias if <1yr?
Urgent referral
Surgical repair
Management of inguinal hernias if >1yr?
Elective referral and repair
What is meant by incarcerated hernia?
Part of an organ protrudes into the groin region and cannot be massaged back into its respective cavity.
Needs repair.
->5% chance of losing testicles with an incarcerated hernia
Hydrocele?
Scrotal swelling
->can look blue but this is just because of light refraction
Is hydrocele painful?
No
Management of hydrocele?
Conservative treatment until 5yrs
->rarely operate. They cause no harm and usually go away themselves.
Difference between inguinal hernia and hydrocele?
Inguinal hernia is a groin swelling. Needs operation.
Hydrocele is scrotal swelling. Does not need operation.
Cryptorchidism?
Undescended testes
If undescended testes isn’t treated, what are some of the potential affects?
Reduced fertility
Malignancy
Trauma- if hit and not descended, more likely to divide
Cosmetic appearance
How does balanitis xerotica obliterans present?
Non-retractable foreskin
Struggling to pass urine
Scarred foreskin
Narrowing of meatus
Cirumcision?
Removal of foreskin
Indications for circumcision?
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Others, relative circumstances: balanoprothitisis, religious reasons, UTI
Management of testicular torsion?
Urgent surgery
Presentation of testicular torsion?
Sudden pain
Redness of scrotum
VUR?
Vesicourethral reflux
Torsion Appendix of the testes presents very similarly to testicular torsion. What is the factor that differentiates it?
Torsion Appendix Testis has a blue/black spot
->gangrenous of the appendix of the teste
Management of VUR?
Conservative: voiding advice (toilet regularly, drinking a lot), constipation treatment, fluids
-.potential for antibiotic prophylaxis
Hypospadias?
Urethral meatus on the ventral side of the penis
Management of hypospadias?
Surgery- either one or two required
